-
“fight or flight response” = up regulate
sympathetic division
-
resting and digesting = down regulating
parasympathetic
-
SNS (somatic)
neurons:
ganglia:
neurotransmitter:
organ stimulation
- Neurons always stimulatory
- ganglia absent
- neurotrasmitter is ACH
- organ stimulation is voluntary
-
ANS (autonomic)
neurons:
ganglia:
neurotransmitter:
orgain stimulation:
- neurons stimulatory & inhibitory
- ganglia present
- neurotransmitter ach & epinepherine
- organ stimulation is involuntary
-
receptors that bind ACH
cholinergic
-
types of cholinergic receptors
- nicotinic
- muscarinic
- adrenergic
-
located in postganglionic neurons, adrenal medulla cells, skeletal muscle cells
nicotinic receptors
-
receptors that are ALWAYS stimulatory & upregulate
nicotinic receptors
-
receptors located in all parasympathetic target organs, select sympathetic organs (sweat glands and blood vessels in skeletal muscles)
muscarinic receptors
-
receptors that have either a inhibitory or stimulatory effect and can either up regulate or down regulate
muscarinic receptors
-
receptors that bind nerepinepherine and recognize adrenaline
adrenergic receptors
-
two classes of adrenergic receptors
- alpha (generally stimulatory)
- beta (generally inhibitory)
-
intracellular fluid
cytoplasm
-
extracellular fluid
plasma
-
intercellular fluid
between cells
-
diffusion of water across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration
osmosis
-
water follows (lower # flows to larger #)
salt
-
autonomic nervous system has only what type of neurons?
Motor
-
sympathetic of digestive system
down regulates
-
parasympathetic of digestive system
up regulates
-
a group of cell bodies, tells you where one neuron stops and another begins
ganglia
-
preganglionic neurons are:
- short in the sympathetic
- long in the parasympathetic
-
postganglionic neurons are:
- long in the sympathetic
- short in the parasympathetic
-
nuerons off of the cranial, S2 and S4
parasympathetic
-
ganglia are close to the organ
parasympathetic
-
neurons come off T1-L2
sympathetic
-
ganglia are far form the organ
sympathetic
-
preganglionic nerves are:
cholinergic
-
postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic are:
cholinergic
-
postganglionic neurons of sympathetic are:
adrenergic
-
electrochemical impulses regulate muscles and glands
quick response
nervous system
-
influences metabolism via chemical messages
prolonged response
endocrine system
-
"within" released inside blood
endocrine
-
gland secreted outside of body or into a body cavity
exocrine
-
derived from fat -->cholesterol
gonads, adrenal glands
steroidal hormones
-
derived from proteins
work by a secondary messenger system (Cyclic AMP & PIP)
amino acid based hormones
-
hormones travel:
in blood free or bound to protein carriers
-
body gets rid of hormones how?
- degraded by target organs (don't last long)
- removed by:
- kidneys- can make you pee some of it out
- and liver- traps it and breaks it down
-
half life of hormones
- when hormone concentration gets to 50% of its maximum concentration
- could be seconds to 30 minutes
-
type of hormone release: change in ionic concentration or nutrient (needs more of something)
humoral
-
type of hormone release that comes from a neuron
neural
-
most common type of hormone release
hormonal
-
Growth hormone
- site of release: anterior pituitary (anterior lobe)
- target organs: all body organs esp. bone and skeletal musc.
- stimulation: low levels in primarily adolescense
- Feedback mechanism: high levels of gh, hyperglycemia, obesity
-
thyroid hormone
- hypothalamus releases thyroid releasing hormone
- to pituitary which releases thyroid stimulating hormone
- to thyroid gland which releases T3 &T4 (thyroid hormone)
-
thyroid hormone
- stimulation: falling levels of t3 and t4
- ********
-
parathyroid hormone
- site of release: parathyroid glands
- target organ: bone, intestine, kidneys
- stimulation: falling Ca++ blood levels
- Feedback mechanism: increase in Ca++ blood levels
- (turn it off)
-
needed for nerve impulses, muscle contraction and blood clotting
calcium
-
targest osteoclasts (bone destroyers) makes them work more
PTH
-
hormone only important in children
calcitonin
-
adrenocorticotrpic hormone
- site of release: anterior pituitary
- target organ: adrenal cortex
- stimulation: stress
- feedback mech: increased levels of blood glucocorticoids
-
series of hormones released to adrenal cortex
alucocorticoids
-
breaks down protein and certain fats and turns them into glucose (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
cortisol
-
adrenal gland hormones:
- mineralocorticoids
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
-
mineralocorticoids
- site of release: adrenal cortex
- target organ: kidneys
- stimulation: decrease in blood volume, pressure, Na+ level
- feedback: increase in ""
-
tiny tubes in kidney that filter plasma of blood but also reabsorp ions so Na+ goes back into blood
nephrons
-
epinephrine and norepinephrine
- site of release: adrenal medulla
- target organ: heart, vasculature, bronchioles
- stimulation: sympathetic nerous system
- feedback: NONE. SNS stimulation decreases when needed
-
arginine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone - ADH)
- regulates amount of water in your blood
- site of releasse: posterior pituitary
- target organ: kidney- causes it to reduce amount of water you secrete
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