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Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities
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Old antiquated term for edema
Dropsy
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Severe generalized edema in subcutaneous tissues
Anasarca
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Ascites
Accumulation of free serous fluid in abdominal cavity
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Abnormal accumulation of fluid in thoracic cavity
Hydrothorax
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Hydropericardium
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within pericardialsac
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Hyperemia
Excess blood in area of body
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Reduction in arterial blood supply
Ischemia
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Thrombosis
Formation or presence of attached clot
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Factors that might predispose someone to a thrombosis
- Injuries to blood vessels
- Slow rate of blood flow
- Alterations in blood composition
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Difference between thrombosis and embolism
- Thrombosis = attached
- Embolism = free floating
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Condition resulted from embolism
Vessel obstruction
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Ischemic necrosis + putrefaction =
Gangrene
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Infarction
Formation of area of necrosis in tissue caused by obstruction in artery supplying area
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Hemorrhage
Escape of BLOOD from vascular system
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Types of embolisms
- Fragment of thrombi
- Bacteria
- Tumor cells
- Animal parasites
- Fat
- Air or gas (Caisson)
- Foreign bodies
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Causes of hemorrhage
- Trauma
- Diseases of blood vessels
- Hypertension
- Spread of infection
- Spread of tumors
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Petechial
Antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages of skin
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Ecchymoses
- Small non-elevated hemorrhagic patch
- Extravasation of blood into tissue
- Bruise
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Consequences of embolism
- Ischemia
- Infarction or gangrene
- Spread of infection
- Spread of tumors
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Hematoma
- Localized collection of blood in subcutaneous tissue
- Blood filled swelling
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Hemoptysis
- Coughing up blood
- Blood in sputum from lungs
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Hematemesis
Vomiting blood due to gastric ulcer or bleeding esophageal varices
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Hematuria
Discharge of RBC's in urine
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Circulatory shock
Organs and tissues are not receiving adequate flow of blood
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Conditions after death resulting from hemorrhage
- Tardieu spots
- Petechiae and purpuric
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Neoplasm
- New growth of abnormal cells of autonomous nature
- Abnormal, excessive and uncontrolled multiplication of cells with formation of mass or new growth of tissues
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Characteristics of benign neoplasms
- Grow by expansion
- Do not migrate
- Do not return after removal
- Do not cause extensive tissue damage or whole body changes
- Resemble tissue of organ
- Not fatal
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Characteristics of malignant neoplasms
- Grow by infiltration
- Metastaize (migrate) creating secondary foci
- Can reoccur after removal
- Cause extensive tissue damage
- Cause total body changes
- Does not resemble tissue surrounding it
- Lethal unless treated
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Benign neoplasms of epithelial tissue
- Adenoma
- Papilloma
- Nevus
- Polyp
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Benign neoplasms of connective tissue
- Osteoma
- Chondroma
- Lipoma
- Angioma
- Fibroma
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Benign tumor of smooth muscle tissue
Leiomyoma
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Benign tumor of striated muscle tissue
Rhabdomyoma
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Begign tumor of nervous tissue
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Malignant neoplasms of epithelial tissue
- Melanoma
- Squamous
- Adenocarcinoma
- Transitional
- Basal
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Malignant neoplasms of connective tissue
- Osteosarcoma
- Chondrosarcoma
- Liposarcoma
- Angiosarcoma
- Lymphoma
- Fibrosarcoma
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Malignant tumor of striated muscle tissue
Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Malignant tumor of smooth muscle tissue
Leiomyosarcoma
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Malignant tumor of nervous tissue
Glioma
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Exceptions to the "-oma" rule
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Conditions after death associated with malignant neoplasms
- Emaciation
- Discoloration
- Hemorrgahe
- Tissue deformation
- Extravascular obstruction
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Cachexia
- Severe form of malnutrition
- Wasting syndrome
- Loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, loss of appetite
- Physical wasting
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Cyst
- Closed sac or pouch, definite wall
- Contains fluid, semifluid, or solid material
- Sac within or on body containing air or fluid
- Common on skin or ovaries, under skin (subaceous)
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Nevus
- Pigmented lesions of skin (birthmarks, moles)
- Usually benign
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Hypertrophy
Enlargement of organ or part due to increase in size of cells composing it
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Hypoplasia
Underdevelopment of tissue organ or body
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Hyperplasia
Increased size of organ or part due to excessive but regulated increase in number of its cells
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Metaplasia
Replacement of one type of tissue into form that is not normally found there
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Leukocytosis
Increase in number of WBC's
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Decreased amount of WBC's
Leukocytosis
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Abnormal reduction of RBC's
Anemia
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Difference between primary anemia and secondary anemia
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Disease characterized by high number of immature abnormal WBC's
Acute leukemia
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Leukemia is cancer of the
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Tumor composed of blood and lymph vessels
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Increase in total RBC mass
Polycythemia vera or Erythrocytosis
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Purpura
- Spontaneous bleeding occurs in subcutaneous tissues causing appearance of purple patches on skin
- Destruction of platelets resulting in skin bruising
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Hemophilia
Inherited hemorrhage disease characterized by tendency to excessive and sometimes spontaneous bleeding
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Thrombocytopenia
Deficience of platelets in blood
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