-
Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
C. Esophagus
-
Air passing along the respiratory tract to the lungs is ______.
D. all of the above
-
What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli?
surfactant
-
When temperature of the blood is increased, hemoglobin will do which of the following?
release oxygen
-
Why is the trachea supported by C-shaped cartilage rings?
to hold it open all the time and to allow the esophagus to expand when swallowing
-
Which of the following muscles contract to start inspiration?
diaphragm and external intercostals
-
What is the force responsible for normal expiration supplied by?
Elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension
-
Air moved in and out with each breath
tidal volume
-
Gas exchange in the lungs occurs between air in the __________ and blood in surrounding capillaries.
alveoli
-
What structures enter the lungs?
primary bronchi
-
What is the amount of air that can be inhaled forcefully after a normal inspiration?
Inspiratory reserve volume
-
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic
-
The windpipe is also known as the
Trachea
-
The amount of air that can be forcefully expired beyond tidal volume is the
expiratory reserve volume.
-
Movement of air in and out of the lungs
Breathing/Pulmonary Ventilation
-
The process where gases are exchanged between atmosphere and RBC
Respiration
-
What are the 3 types of respiration?
-
Which respiration type has an extensive area where gas between lungs and blood is exchanged
External respiration
-
Which respiration type occurs between the blood and body cells?
Internal respiration
-
Which respiration type uses oxygen to obtain energy from food molecules and gives off carbon dioxide as waste?
Cellular respiration
-
______ aid in the removeal of microbes from the respiratory track
Cilia
-
What are the general functions of the respiartory system?
- breathing
- respiration
- defends against microbes
- produces sound
- smell
-
Name the organs of the upper respiratory track
- nose
- nasal cavity
- sinuses
- pharynx
-
Name the organs of the lower respiratory system
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- lungs
-
First line of defense against large particles entering the repiratory system
nasal hairs
-
Entrance to the respiratory track
nostrils/external nares
-
What divides the nasal cavity into right and left chambers?
nasal septum
-
Space behind the nose
nasal cavity
-
Delicate scroll shaped bones that form lateral walls of the nasal cavity
nasal conchae
-
Which nasal conchae are covered by repiratory mucosa and contain one type of epithelium and a CT layer?
Inferior and middle conchae
-
Which nasal conchae is covered by specilized olfactory epithelium?
superior conchae
-
Describe the structure of the nasal mucous membrane
Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium with goblet cells
-
What is the function of the nasal mucous membrane?
- warm air
- moisten air
- entrap small particles
- runny nose
-
Where does mucous with trapped particles travel?
to the pharynx, then throat where it is swallowed and sent to the stomach for destruction
-
Boney spaces of the skull open to nasal cavity that are lined with mucous membrane
Sinuses/paranasal sinuses
-
Lightens the weight of the skull and amplify speech sounds
paranasal sinuses
-
Common passage way for digestive and respiratory system
pharynx/throat
-
funnel shaped structure that connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus, 5 inches in length
pharynx/throat
-
Enlargement at the top of trachea
larynx/voice box
-
provides patent airway, switching mechansim to route air anf food, voice production
larynx/voice box
-
Hylaine cartilage that protudes in the front of the neck
thyroid cartilage
-
Lowermost portion of the larynx, ring shaped, inferior to thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
-
Leaf-shaped cartilage that allows air to enter larynx, but not food, stimulates cough reflex
epiglottis
-
When eating, larynx moves ____ and epiglottis moves _____ due to the tounge
-
Ladel shape and located above and on the other side of circoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
-
Superior folds of mucous membrane of larynx, inelastic and covered by mucous membrane, help close larynx during swallowing
false vocal cords/vestibular folds
-
Lower folds in the larynx with large bundles of elastic fibers
true vocal cords
-
higher tension in the cords causes a higher
pitch
-
triangular opening between the vocal cords, leads to trachea
glottis
-
thin walled tube joining the larynx and primary bronchi, anterior to esophagus
trachea/windpipe
-
What is attached to the lungs surface
visceral pluera
-
What structure enters the lungs
primary bronchi
-
What is the correct sequence of flow of air through the bronchioles towards the alveoli?
Bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
-
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form
carbonic acid.
-
Without surfactant, the _________ would collapse preventing inspiration.
alveoli
-
Gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in nearby capillaries occurs primarily by
Diffusion
-
Air moved in and out with each breath
tidal volume
-
What serous membrane lines the thoracic cavity?
parietal pleura
-
The amount that is always left in the lungs after expiration is the
residual volume.
-
What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli?
surfactant
-
Gas excgange between air and blood
external respiration
-
The utilization of oxygen by metabolic processes is correctly referred to as _____.
A) cell respiration
-
What is the anatomical term for the throat?
A) pharynx
-
The epiglottis is part of the _____ and covers the glottis.
B) larynx
-
Which of these is the sum of the other three?
B) vital capacity
-
Which of the following does NOT stimulate the medullary breathing center chemosensitive neurons?
D) low blood oxygen
-
What is the purpose of the C rings in the trachea?
- to prevent collapse and keep the airway open at all times
- allows room for esophagus to expandwhen swallowing
-
What type of muscle is used to comlplete the rings on the opposite side?
smooth
-
What type of epithelial cells make up the mucous membrane of the trachea?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-
Thick layer of CT with muscle glands that open to epithelial surface
submucosa of the trachea
-
Which way do cilia move in the trachea?
up
-
When does the trachea divide into primary bronchi?
5th thoracic vertebra
-
branched air passages that lead from the trachea to the air sacs of the lungs
bronchial tree
-
Where does the bronchial tree begin?
right and left primary bronchi outside of the lungs
-
cartiaginous ridge located between the openings of the right and left primary bronchi
carina
-
smaller branches of the secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi(segmented)
-
what enters the pulmonary lobule?
intralobular bronchi
-
What surrounds the lobule of the bronchioles?
CT septum
-
What branches off from intralobular bronchioles?
terminal branchioles
-
First structures in gas exchange sequence
respiratory bronchioles
-
tubes that extend from respiratory bronchiole
aveolar ducts
-
thin-walled, closely packed outpouchings of the alevolar ducts, common chamber connected to aveoli
aveolar sac
-
actual site of gas exchange, gives lungs spongy apperance
aveoli
-
As the respiratory tubes branch out, the amount of cartilage _______ and the smooth muscle layer _________
-
Lack cartilage, surronede by smooth muscle
bronchioles
-
What tissue composes aveoli
simple squamos
-
Where are elastic fibers located in the respiratory system?
- smooth muscle fibers
- CT surrounding respiratory tubes
-
Where would you find pseudostratified ciliated cloumnar epithelium with goblet cells
- larger respiratory tubes
- nasal mucous membrane
- trachea mucous membrane
-
What are the finer tubes(begining with respiatory bronchioles) lined with
cubodial epithelium
-
each ______ is surrounded by blood capillaries
aveolus
-
located in thoracic cavity, enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage, seperated by mediastinum
lungs
-
Larger lung, divied into 3 lobes
right
-
Lung divided into 2 lobes
left
-
What joins the lung at the hilus
bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
-
serous membrane attached to lung
visceral pleura
-
outer serous membrane that lines thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
-
space bewteen visceral and parietal pleura of lungs, filled with serous fluid, holds pleural membranes together
pleura cavity
-
2 stages of pulmonary ventilation
-
air forced in lungs by atmoshperic pressure
inspiration
-
pressure that always equalizes with atmosphere
intr-alveolar pressure
-
intra-alveolar pressure ______ causing outside air to go into airways by _________
- reduces
- atmoshperic pressure
-
what is the first event of inspiration
diaphrgam contracts and moves downward
-
What nerve carries impulses to diaphrgam
phrenic
-
gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure
Boyle's law
-
What muscles are involved in inspiration
- diaphgram
- external intercostals
-
aids in holding the pleural membranes together during lung expansion
surface tension (caused by water moleculesbeing attracted to one another)
-
What molecule contributes to natural recoil of lungs during expiration, coats aveolar walls, reduces aveoli to smallest size
water
-
Alevolar ventilation made possible by
sufactant(lipoproteins in aveolar film)
-
What is the purpose of sufactant in the aveolar film?
- reduce surface tension
- discourages aveolar collapse
-
Cells that secreate sufactant continouously
septal cells(aveolar type II cells)
-
movement of air to external enviorment
expiration
-
Natural tendency for lungs to recoil
resting(quiet) repiration
-
elastic recoil of the lungs _______ the pleura pressure inside of the pleura cavity by _____ mm Hg
-
When interpleural pressure is equal to atmosohereic pressure what happens to the lungs?
collapse
-
what are the forces reponsible for quiet repiration?
- elastic recoil of the lungs
- surface tension
-
active process, abdominal walls contract, posterior internal intercostals pull thoracic cage down and in and larger volumes of air are expelled
forced exhilation
-
measurement of different volumes of air being moved in and out of the lungs
spirometry
-
air that moves in and out of the lungs during quiet breathing,500 ml
tidal volume
-
air inspired above normal tidal volume, 3000 ml
inspiratory reserve volume
-
air expired above normal tidal expiration, 1100 ml
expiratory reserve volume
-
air remaining in lungs at all times,1200ml
residual volume
-
maximum volume of air a person can inhale following exhalation of tidal volume,3500 ml
inspiratory capacity
-
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume=
inspiratory capacity
-
volume of air that remains in lungs after exhalation of tidal volume, 2300 ml
functional residual capacity
-
expiatory reserve volume + residual volume =
functional residual volume
-
maximum air exhaled after taking the deepest breath, 4600 ml
vital capacity
-
Tidal volume + Inspiratoey reserve volume + expiratiory reserve volume =
vital capacity
-
sum of all air volumes, 5800 ml
total lung capacity
-
vital capacity + residual air volume =
total lung capacity
-
What 2 parts of the brain aid in respiration?
-
What 2 groups of neurons are found in the medullary respiration center?
- Ventral respiratory group
- dorsal respiratory group
-
What group of neurons is responsible for the basic pattern of breathing?
ventral group
-
What group of neurons aid in forced breathing by stimulating inspiratory muscles? primarily diaphgram
Dorsal group
-
what respiratory group is located in the pons?
pontine respiratory group(pneumotaxic)
-
sends impulses to VRG, limits time span of inspiration
PRG
-
Factors that effect breathing
- chemicals
- streaching lungs
- emotions
-
located in ventral portion of medulla near vagus nerve, sensitive to increases of CO2 and H+
central chemoreceptors
-
stimulates respiratory center, increases breathing rate
central chemoreceptors
-
CO2 combines with H2O to form ______ which , in turn releases _______.
- carbonic acid
- H+ ions and biocarbonate ions
-
Where in the body does the CO2 react with the water
CSF
-
Central chemoreceptors are influenced by ________ and stimulate ______
- hydrogen ions
- breathing rate and tidal volume
-
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
- carotid bodies
- aortic bodies
-
peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to
low Oxygen
-
prevents overinflation of lungs, triggered by streaching of lungs during inspiration, sends inhibiting impulse through vagus nerve to PRG
hering-breuer reflex
-
Hyperventilation causes CO2 to ______
decrease
-
site of gas exchange
alveoli
-
alternate pathways in alveoli
alveolar pores
-
What makes up respiratory membrane
- alveloar walls
- capillary walls
- 2 thin basement membranes
-
What percentage of air is nitrogen?
78%
-
What percentage of air is Oxygen?
21%
-
What percentage of air is CO2?
0.04%
-
What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?
760 mm Hg
-
______ diffuses from alveloar air to blood
oxygen
-
______ diffuses from blood into alveolar air
Carbon dioxide
-
Each gas will diffuse between blood and surroundings to equalize its _______
partial pressure
-
What components of blood transport oxygen?
- hemoglobin- 98%
- plasma- 2%
-
globin is the _____ portion of hemoglobin
protein
-
heme contains _____ which combines with _____
-
How many molecules of oxygen can hemoglobin carry?
4
-
The chemical bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is _______ and ______
-
What causes oxygen in the blood to increase?
- CO2 increases
- Acidosis
- Blood temp increases
-
Incomplete combustion fumes form _______
carbon monoxide
-
_________ combines with hemoglobin to form a stable compound
carbon monoxide
-
How is carbon dioxide transported?
- carbaminohemoglobin
- bicarbonate ions
- dissolved in plasma
-
15-25% of carbon transport, CO2 attaches to globin of the hemoglobin molecule
carbaminohemoglobin
-
Most CO2 transported this way, uses cabonic anhydrase
bicarbonate ions(HCO-3)
-
Enzyme that forms carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
-
carbonic acid releases _____ and _____ ions
-
Biocarbinate ions enter the ______
plasma
-
H+ combine with ________ to act as a buffer for drastic pH changes
deoxyhemoglobin
-
smallest amount of CO2 dissolved in ______
plasma(7%)
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