Chapter 19, respiratory system

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
A. nasal cavities
B. Pharynx
C. Esophagus
D. All of these are parts of the upper respiratory tract

Air passing along the respiratory tract to the lungs is ______.
A. cleansed with cilia
B. warmed
C. moistened
D. all of the above

What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli?

When temperature of the blood is increased, hemoglobin will do which of the following?

Why is the trachea supported by C-shaped cartilage rings?

Which of the following muscles contract to start inspiration?

What is the force responsible for normal expiration supplied by?

Air moved in and out with each breath

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs between air in the __________ and blood in surrounding capillaries.

What structures enter the lungs?

What is the amount of air that can be inhaled forcefully after a normal inspiration?

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

The windpipe is also known as the

The amount of air that can be forcefully expired beyond tidal volume is the

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

The process where gases are exchanged between atmosphere and RBC

What are the 3 types of respiration?

Which respiration type has an extensive area where gas between lungs and blood is exchanged

Which respiration type occurs between the blood and body cells?

Which respiration type uses oxygen to obtain energy from food molecules and gives off carbon dioxide as waste?

______ aid in the removeal of microbes from the respiratory track

What are the general functions of the respiartory system?

Name the organs of the upper respiratory track

Name the organs of the lower respiratory system

First line of defense against large particles entering the repiratory system

Entrance to the respiratory track

What divides the nasal cavity into right and left chambers?

Space behind the nose

Delicate scroll shaped bones that form lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Which nasal conchae are covered by repiratory mucosa and contain one type of epithelium and a CT layer?

Which nasal conchae is covered by specilized olfactory epithelium?

Describe the structure of the nasal mucous membrane

What is the function of the nasal mucous membrane?

Where does mucous with trapped particles travel?

Boney spaces of the skull open to nasal cavity that are lined with mucous membrane

Lightens the weight of the skull and amplify speech sounds

Common passage way for digestive and respiratory system

funnel shaped structure that connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus, 5 inches in length

Enlargement at the top of trachea

provides patent airway, switching mechansim to route air anf food, voice production

Hylaine cartilage that protudes in the front of the neck

Lowermost portion of the larynx, ring shaped, inferior to thyroid cartilage

Leaf-shaped cartilage that allows air to enter larynx, but not food, stimulates cough reflex

When eating, larynx moves ____ and epiglottis moves _____ due to the tounge

Ladel shape and located above and on the other side of circoid cartilage

Superior folds of mucous membrane of larynx, inelastic and covered by mucous membrane, help close larynx during swallowing

Lower folds in the larynx with large bundles of elastic fibers

higher tension in the cords causes a higher

triangular opening between the vocal cords, leads to trachea

thin walled tube joining the larynx and primary bronchi, anterior to esophagus

What is attached to the lungs surface

What structure enters the lungs

What is the correct sequence of flow of air through the bronchioles towards the alveoli?

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form

Without surfactant, the _________ would collapse preventing inspiration.

Gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in nearby capillaries occurs primarily by

Air moved in and out with each breath

What serous membrane lines the thoracic cavity?

The amount that is always left in the lungs after expiration is the

What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli?

Gas excgange between air and blood

The utilization of oxygen by metabolic processes is correctly referred to as _____.
A) cell respiration
B) ventilation
C) external respiration
D) respiration

What is the anatomical term for the throat?
A) pharynx
B) esophagus
C) trachea
D) larynx

The epiglottis is part of the _____ and covers the glottis.
A) trachea
B) larynx
C) laryngopharynx
D) oropharynx

Which of these is the sum of the other three?
A) expiratory reserve
B) vital capacity
C) tidal volume
D) inspiratory reserve

Which of the following does NOT stimulate the medullary breathing center chemosensitive neurons?
A) low blood pH
B) high blood carbon dioxide
C) high spinal fluid acidity
D) low blood oxygen

What is the purpose of the C rings in the trachea?

What type of muscle is used to comlplete the rings on the opposite side?

What type of epithelial cells make up the mucous membrane of the trachea?

Thick layer of CT with muscle glands that open to epithelial surface

Which way do cilia move in the trachea?

When does the trachea divide into primary bronchi?

branched air passages that lead from the trachea to the air sacs of the lungs

Where does the bronchial tree begin?

cartiaginous ridge located between the openings of the right and left primary bronchi

smaller branches of the secondary bronchi

what enters the pulmonary lobule?

What surrounds the lobule of the bronchioles?

What branches off from intralobular bronchioles?

First structures in gas exchange sequence

tubes that extend from respiratory bronchiole

thin-walled, closely packed outpouchings of the alevolar ducts, common chamber connected to aveoli

actual site of gas exchange, gives lungs spongy apperance

As the respiratory tubes branch out, the amount of cartilage _______ and the smooth muscle layer _________

Lack cartilage, surronede by smooth muscle

What tissue composes aveoli

Where are elastic fibers located in the respiratory system?

Where would you find pseudostratified ciliated cloumnar epithelium with goblet cells

What are the finer tubes(begining with respiatory bronchioles) lined with

each ______ is surrounded by blood capillaries

located in thoracic cavity, enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage, seperated by mediastinum

Larger lung, divied into 3 lobes

Lung divided into 2 lobes

What joins the lung at the hilus

serous membrane attached to lung

outer serous membrane that lines thoracic cavity

space bewteen visceral and parietal pleura of lungs, filled with serous fluid, holds pleural membranes together

2 stages of pulmonary ventilation

air forced in lungs by atmoshperic pressure

pressure that always equalizes with atmosphere

intra-alveolar pressure ______ causing outside air to go into airways by _________

what is the first event of inspiration

What nerve carries impulses to diaphrgam

gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure

What muscles are involved in inspiration

aids in holding the pleural membranes together during lung expansion

What molecule contributes to natural recoil of lungs during expiration, coats aveolar walls, reduces aveoli to smallest size

Alevolar ventilation made possible by

What is the purpose of sufactant in the aveolar film?

Cells that secreate sufactant continouously

movement of air to external enviorment

Natural tendency for lungs to recoil

elastic recoil of the lungs _______ the pleura pressure inside of the pleura cavity by _____ mm Hg

When interpleural pressure is equal to atmosohereic pressure what happens to the lungs?

what are the forces reponsible for quiet repiration?

active process, abdominal walls contract, posterior internal intercostals pull thoracic cage down and in and larger volumes of air are expelled

measurement of different volumes of air being moved in and out of the lungs

air that moves in and out of the lungs during quiet breathing,500 ml

air inspired above normal tidal volume, 3000 ml

air expired above normal tidal expiration, 1100 ml

air remaining in lungs at all times,1200ml

maximum volume of air a person can inhale following exhalation of tidal volume,3500 ml

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume=

volume of air that remains in lungs after exhalation of tidal volume, 2300 ml

expiatory reserve volume + residual volume =

maximum air exhaled after taking the deepest breath, 4600 ml

Tidal volume + Inspiratoey reserve volume + expiratiory reserve volume =

sum of all air volumes, 5800 ml

vital capacity + residual air volume =

What 2 parts of the brain aid in respiration?

What 2 groups of neurons are found in the medullary respiration center?

What group of neurons is responsible for the basic pattern of breathing?

What group of neurons aid in forced breathing by stimulating inspiratory muscles? primarily diaphgram

what respiratory group is located in the pons?

sends impulses to VRG, limits time span of inspiration

Factors that effect breathing

located in ventral portion of medulla near vagus nerve, sensitive to increases of CO₂ and H⁺

stimulates respiratory center, increases breathing rate

CO₂ combines with H₂O to form ______ which , in turn releases _______.

Where in the body does the CO₂ react with the water

Central chemoreceptors are influenced by ________ and stimulate ______

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to

prevents overinflation of lungs, triggered by streaching of lungs during inspiration, sends inhibiting impulse through vagus nerve to PRG

Hyperventilation causes CO₂ to ______

site of gas exchange

alternate pathways in alveoli

What makes up respiratory membrane

What percentage of air is nitrogen?

What percentage of air is Oxygen?

What percentage of air is CO₂?

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

______ diffuses from alveloar air to blood

______ diffuses from blood into alveolar air

Each gas will diffuse between blood and surroundings to equalize its _______

What components of blood transport oxygen?

globin is the _____ portion of hemoglobin

heme contains _____ which combines with _____

How many molecules of oxygen can hemoglobin carry?

The chemical bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is _______ and ______

What causes oxygen in the blood to increase?

Incomplete combustion fumes form _______

_________ combines with hemoglobin to form a stable compound

How is carbon dioxide transported?

15-25% of carbon transport, CO₂ attaches to globin of the hemoglobin molecule

Most CO₂ transported this way, uses cabonic anhydrase

Enzyme that forms carbonic acid

carbonic acid releases _____ and _____ ions

Biocarbinate ions enter the ______

H⁺ combine with ________ to act as a buffer for drastic pH changes

smallest amount of CO₂ dissolved in ______