Exam I

reed/green bacterium

• Polar
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Exist in 3 states of matter
• present in liquid form only on earth

3.94 or 4 celcius

Highest specific heat of any liquid (besides ammonia)

D= 1-(6.63*10^-6) *(T – 4)^2

Density

resistance to flow

ratio of dynamic viscosity to density which determines how readily fluids flow

50 micromoles m-2 s-1

15

1.5 x 10-4

1 x 10-6

Photon Flux

A micromole m-2 s-1 is a measure of photon flux density

• Photosnthesis
• Phototaxis
• Vision

sustains groundwater reservoirs

2-3 liters per capita per day

250 liters per day per capita

several thousand liters per day

• 1) Every person does not have equal access to available stream flow
• 2) Upstream use degrades and withdraws supply making water unavailable for many uses and users
• 3) Adequate water for the future requires sustainable management now.

50%

A complex, carbon-based, adaptive, energy transforming and self-replicating system dependent on liquid water as a mediator and catalyst of essential physical and chemical reactions

Energy required = Growth+maintenance+reproduction

freshwater organisms have a higher basal metabolic rate than marine organisms

Some elements of biota entered directly from marine environments by upstream migration.

Many direct ancestors of the aquatic fauna were terrestial

insects (unsuccesful in the ocean)

Bacterium

higher multicellular life

• RNA based
• Mainly extremophiles

Aquatic Heterotrophs gather energy rich compounds from other organisms and span a great size range

Aquatic Autotrophs produce their own organic compounds and structures from inorganic substances.They span a narrower range of sizes than heterotrophs

6CO2 +6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 +6H2O

consume other fish

• Primary producer
• herbivores
• Planktivores
• Predators

enought light for photosynthesis

not enough light for photosynthesis

open water

near shore, light penetrates to bottem

the sediment zone at depths beyond where primary producers can live

widely distributed water supply found in interstitial spaces in subsurface rocks and soils; after glaciers, the largest reservoir of fresh water on the globe

upper surface of saturated groundwater

vertical drop between two points in water table surface

slope of the water table surface between two points (Head/horizontal distance)

rate of flow of groundwater for a slope of one

Gradient * conductivity

lacks impermeable layer over water table

protected from surface water by impermeable layer

impermeable material to prevent direct influence of surface water

water in unsaturated pore spaces above water table

proportion of empty space in sediment,ground or rock

measure of ease water moves through material

body of rock or sediment that can supply water in useful amounts

area where aquifer gains water, always originates from surface water at some time and place.

area where an aquifer loses water usually to stream, river, wetland or lake (low point in topography)

High concentrations of Ca and Mg

low concentrations of base metal ions and bicarbonates

Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, SO4, SiO2, Cl

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Transitional metals

5.8

is the addition of solutes into water by the dissolution of geological materials. It occurs primarily in soil horizons and ground water.

is the addition of insoluble mineral materials (and resistant organic fragments) which result from incongruent chemical weathering.

occurs when a mineral is completely dissolved.

chemical weathering results when a mineral (usually a silicate mineral) is only partially solubilized and the products are a stable mineral phase such as a clay or iron oxide AS WELL AS cations and anions (usually bicarbonate ion).

• Introducing high concentrations of “natural” substances to ground water
• Leaking manufactured or refined liquids such as hydrocarbons from storage tanks into groundwater
• Leaching high concentrations of acids into groundwater from mine tailings or waste rock
• Drawing down water table may lead to salination of wells from deeper ground water

Width*Depth*Velocity

hydraulically smooth, strands of water slip over one another, and the organism, streamlines are parallel, faster strands slip over slower strands with little vertical mixing (exchange of water between stream segments)

hydraulically rough, chaotic eddies and swirls, streamlines are not parallel; effective vertical mixing as waters move up an down

mathematical expression relating velocity (V), viscosity (nu) and length, (L, linear dimension of an object), to determine if flow is turbulent or laminar

Re=VL/Nu Nu= viscosity

Laminar

Turbulent