Human Microbiology Exam 2

Nucleus

• Protons(+)
• Neutrons (no charge)

• Electron shell
• Electrons (-)

Determine what the atom is, atomic number

Determine how the atom reacts chemically

• impart little bioogical importance
• Neutrons + protons = atomic weight.

Yes, the total positive charge of the nucleus = the total negative charge of the electrons.

• Shells can hold a specific number of electrons: 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, ect
• If the outer shell is full the element is nonreactive or inert
• If the outer shell is not full the element is reactive

• There are 92 naturally occuring elements.
• 26 commonly found in living things.

• Element Symbol Atomic # Atomic Weight
• Hydrogen H 1 1
• Carbon C 6 12
• Nitogen N 7 14
• Oxygen O 8 16
• Sodium Na 11 23
• Magnesium Mg 12 24
• Phosphorus P 15 31
• Sulfur S 16 32
• Chlorine Cl 17 35
• Potassium K 19 39
• Calcium Ca 20 40
• Iron Fe 26 56
• Iodine I 53 127

Atoms interact with each other in a certain combination to form molecules

number of protons in nucleus

Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

All atoms with the same number of protons

The arrangement of electron shells corresponding to different energy levels

When the outer shell is filled

"Combining capacity" of an atom is the number of extra or missing electrons in its outermot shell

A molecule that contains at least 2 different kinds of atoms

The attractive force that combines molecules and holds them together.

When atom gains electrons is acquires an overall negative charge If it loses electrons it gains an overall positive charge. Negatively or positively charged atom (or group of atoms) called ions.

an attraction between ions of opposite charges that hold them together to form a stable molecule.

An atoms whose outer electron shell is less than half filled will lose electrons and form positively charged ions

An atom whose outer is more than half-filled and gains electron

atoms share one or more electrons

Hydrogen is interacting with other hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Weaker than covalent and ionic bonds. 5% of strength of covalent bonds.

two or more atoms , ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules can go both ways.

Amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. Hydrogen makes things acidic. Scale 0-14 lower more acidic, higher more basic. Extremes will cause denaturing of proteins.

is a polar molecule. Universal solvent.

compounds that keep the pH the same. Keep the pH stable.

A+B= AB+H2O

Building blocks of proteins

A+H2O+B

Adensine diphosphate

Adenisine triphosphate

Staph, tampons

• bacteria, bacillus, cocci, spiral
• Peptidoglycan is found in cell walls not eukaryotes
• Unicellular
• multiply by binary fission
• 50S+30S= 70S

sugar coats

ability of bacteria to survive in enviroment.

tail-like structure that helps bacteria move.

flagella all over cell

Gram+ positive stain thin wall

Gram- negative stain thick wall peptidoglycan

In both the flagella attach through hook and spindle to the cell wall

helps to attach to the host cells

• NAG- acetylglucosamine
• NAM- acetylmuramic acid

linked by 10-65 sugars polypetides

many fat sugars

movement from higher to lower concentration. passive process

Passive process. Proteins

Water follows salt movement of solvent molecules Must have semi permeable membrane

• High salt content water will flow inside cell.
• NaCL

Low salt content

no net movement

The cell uses energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane. Usually from outside to inside.

Ex: Ions, amino acids, simple sugars.

Interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis

morphology, chemical composition, nutritional requirements, biochemical activities and source of energy.

LPS cell communication

Model that describes the plasma membrane that allows things in and out cells

rupturing of the cell

Does not pass through cell wall without aid from protein

Think penis...used in exchange of DNA

Rough- has Ribosomes?

Smaller cell engulfed by larger cell. mutually beneficial relationship.

Synthesis A+B= AB

Decomposition AB= A+B

NaOH+HCL= naCL+H2O

• Polar both positive and negative.
• "association"

Disassociation of salt in water.

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins A.A.

• DNA/RNA- Nucleotides
• ATP similar
• backbone of DNA phosphates
• ATP=phosphates

Where lysosomes are formed. 3-20 cisterns that aid in the modification of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins

• Central in the production of ATP.
• 70S ribosomes.