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Why might spontaneous reaction occur spontaneously?
Because they don't need any activation Energy to get them started.
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What is water's molecule structure?
single most abundant compound in living cells. 2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen.
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Species
A group of similar organisms that breed to fertile offspring.
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Community
Groups of diffferent populations that live in the same area.
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Population
Group of species that live in the same area.
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Cell Wall's Function
Provides support and protection to the organism.
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Cell Membrane's Function
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provide protection and support to the cell.
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Hetrotroph
Meet their energy requirements by consuming food. By either eating plants(autotrophs) or by eating other animals. (hetrotroph)
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Nucleus' Function
Contains DNA and can send encoded instructions to organelles for particular things.
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Alcoholic Fermentation
When/where does this occur?
When O2 is absent and in yeasts and bacteria.
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Difference between plant and animal cells.
Plants and animals are the same except plants have chloroplasts and vacuoles and animal cells don't.
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Difference between prokarotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Pro-
- small, simple, primitive, no organelles, no nucleus.
- Euk-
- large, complex, nucleus, organelles.
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Contents of the Nucleus
DNA, nuclear envelope, nucleolus
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Light-dependent Reactions
Products and Reactants
- Reactants- H2O, light Energy, ADP and NADP+
- Products- ATP, NADPH, O2.
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Autotrophs- 2 types
Plants and algae
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Omnivore
An organism that eats both plants and meat.
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Autotroph
Organism that can make their own food.
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Detritvore
Organism that feeds off of dead matter.
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Water's polarity
makes it attracted to other water molecules as well as any other substance that have charges in them. Water has positively and negatively charged ends. Hydrogen is positive and oxygen is negative.
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Carbohydrate's Function and Monomer
- Function- main energy source of living things.
- Monomer- monosaccharide and sugar.
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Decomposer
Organism that breakdown organic matter. Example bacteria and fungi.
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What organism is responsible for nitrogen fixation?
Bacteria
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Where is the Energy stored in ATP?
In the bond between the 2 and 3 phosphate group.
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Light-dependent reactions-
Where do they take place?
In the Thylakoid Membranes
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Light-independent reactions-
Where do they take place?
In the Stroma
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How do autotrophs create carbohydrates?
By the processes of photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.
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Glycolysis-
Reactants and Products
- Reactants: Glucose, NAD+, ATP
- Products:ATP, NADH
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Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain-
Reactants and Products
- Reactants: O2, Pyruvic Acids, NADH, FADH2
- Products: CO2 and H2O.
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Cytoskeleton's Function
It is a network of protein filaments that support the cell, help maintain shape and are involved in movement.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation:
When/Where does this occur?
when O2 is absent and in muscles
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Biosphere
The combined portion of the planet in which all life exists, including water, land and air.
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Organization of groups in an ecosystem.
- 1st: Species
- 2nd: Population
- 3rd: Community
- 4th: Biosphere
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Herbivore
An organism that only eats plants.
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Carnivore
An organism that only eats meat.
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Homeostasis
The process of maintaining and internal balance.
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Lipid's Function
They're used in cell membranes, water proof covering plants. They're also used as an excess energy storage.
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Enzymes Function.
What are they also known as?
They speed up chemical reactions and lowers the activation energy. They are also known as catalysts.
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Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Reactants and products
- Reactants: ATP and NADPH and CO2
- Products: Glucose
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How is the energy released in ATP.
It is released when the bond between the 2 and 3 phosphate group is broken.
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High energy Electron Carriers of Cellular Respiration
NADH and FADH2
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Protein's Function
they act as enzymes, they regulate cell functions, they form bone and muscle, they transport substances, they fight diseases.
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Microtubule's Function
They maintain cell shape, form the miotic spindle during cell division and from centrioles which help organize cell division.
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Microfilament's Function
They support the cell and is involved in movment.
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Golgi Appartus's Function
Provides additional modifications to proteins, then sorts and packages proteins before secreation from the cell.
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Vacuole's Function
Allows the plant to support heavy structures like leaves and flowers and stores water, salt, proteins and/or carbohydrates.
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Ribosome's Function
They create proteins, assemble cellular proteins.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum's (ER) Function
Internal membrane system, it is the site where lipid componets of the cell membrane are assembled along with proteins and other materials which the cell will export.
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Nucleic Acid's Function
To store and transmit genetic information.
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Mitochondria's Function
Convert chemical energy stored in food to high-energy compounds which are more convient for the cell to use.
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Cellular Respiration-
2 different stages and where do they take place?
- Glycolysis-cytoplasm
- Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain- mitochondria
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