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absorption
movement of nutrient molecules from the gut into the body's internal environment
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digestion
breakdown of food into smaller bits or molecules
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elimination
expulsion of unabsorbed material from the digextive tract
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ghrelin
molecule made in the stomach and brain that increases appetite
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ingestion
taking food into digestive system
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leptin
molecule made by adipose cells that suppresses appetite
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chemical digestion
breakdown of food molecules into smaller subunits by enzymes
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enamel
hard material covering exposed surface of teeth
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esophagus
muscular tube between the throat and stomach
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mechanical digestion
breaking of food into smaller pieces by mechanical processes such as chewing
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salivary amylase
enzyme in saliva that begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking starch into disaccharides
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sphincter
ring of muscle that controls passage through a tubular organ or body opening
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bile
mix salts, pigments, and cholesterol produced by the liver; aids in fat digestion
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chyme
mix of food and gastric fluid
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feces
unabsorbed food material and cellular waste that is produced by digestion
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gallbladder
organ that receieves bile from the liver and expels it into the small intestine
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gastric fluid
fluid secreted by the stomach lining; contains enzymes, acid, and mucus
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large intestine
organ that receives digestive waste from the small intestine and concentrates it as feces
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liver
organ that produces bile, stores glycogen and detoxifies many substances
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microvilli
thin projections that increase the surface area of brush border cells
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pancreas
organ that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and hormones into the blood
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small intestine
longest portion of the digestive tract, and the site of most digestion and absorption
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stomacg
muscular organ that mixes food with gastric fluid that it secretes
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villi
multicelled projections from the lining of the small intestine
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appendix
wormlike projection from the first part ofthe large intestine
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essential fatty acids
fatty acids that the body cannot make and must obtain from the diet
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rectum
portion of the large intestine that stores feces until they are expelled
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essential amino acid
amino acid that the body cannot make and must obtain from food
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mineral
inorganic substance that is required in small amounts for normal metabolism
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vitamin
organic substance required in small amounts for normal metabolism
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body mass index
formula used to determine a healthy weight based on height
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kidney
organ that filters blood and forms urine
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ureter
tube that carries urine from a kidney to the bladder
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urethra
tube through which urine from the bladder flows out of the body
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urinary bladder
hollow, muscular organ that stores urine
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urinary system
organ system that filters blood, and forms, stores, and expels urine
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urine
mix of water and soluble wastes formed and excreted by the urinary system
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antidiuretic hormone
hormone produced by the pituitary gland; increases water reabsorption by the kidney
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filteration
blood pressure forces water and small solutes but not blood cells or proteins, out across the walls of capillaries
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nephron
kidney tubule and associated capillaries; filters blood and forms urine
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reabsorbtion
water and solutes enter capillaries
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tubular secretion
substances are moved out of capillaries and into kidney tubules
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anorexia
a disorder in which a person does not eat enough to maintain a healthy weight, dispite having access to food
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kidney dialysis
procedure used to cleanse blood and restore proper solute concentrations in a person with impaired kidney function
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a digestive system functions in ___
absorbing nutrients
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protein digestion begins in the ___
colon
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digestion is completed and most nutrients are absorbed in the ___
small intestine
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bile has roles in ___ digestion and absorption
fat
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most water that enters the gut is absorbed across the lining of the ___
small intestine
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can vitamin C be stored in body fat?
no
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iron is an example of a ___
mineral
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urea forms as a breakdown product of ___
protein
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filtration moves ___ into kidney tubules
water
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water loss triggers a ___ in ADH secretion
increase
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kidneys return water and small solutes to the blood by the process of ___
reabsorption
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kidneys adjust the blood acidity by increasing or decreasing the ___ of H+
secreation
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