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gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
type of RNA that makes-up the major part of ribosomes
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
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transcription
process in which part of a nucleotic sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
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RNA polymerase
enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands in transcription
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promoter
region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
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intron
interveing sequence of DNA;does not code for a protein
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exon
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
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codon
three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
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translation
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
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anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
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mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
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point mutation
mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another
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frameshift mutation
mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
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polyploidy
condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
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Differences between DNA and RNA
RNA- single stranded, has uracil instead of thymine, has sugar ribose instead of sugar deoxyribose
DNA- double stranded, has thymine instead of uracil, has sugar deoxyribose instead of sugar ribose
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Genetic information is altered when changes in the DNA sequence called________ occur.
mutation
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Changes in the DNA sequence in a single gene are...
gene mutation
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The DNA sequence of an entire chromosome is affected by a...
chromosomal mutations
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What occurs during the process of translation?
The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins
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What is the one job in which most RNA molecules are involved?
Protein synthesis
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Many RNA molecules from eukaryotic genes have sections, called____before they become functional. The remaining pieces, called _____ are spliced together.
introns, exons
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What is an explanation for why some RNA molecules are cut and spliced?
-Making it possible for a single gene to produce several forms of RNA
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Proteins are made by joining _____into long chains called polypeptides
amino acids
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What is the number of possible 3-base codons?
64
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Where does translation take place?
cytoplasm
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duplication- produce extra copies of a chromosome
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deletion- involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome
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inversion- reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes
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translocation- occur when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
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Many proteins are _____, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions.
enzymes
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RNA
BLUEPRINT, Goes to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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DNA
MASTER PLAN, remains in the nucleus
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