BOTH FELT CELLS AROSE FROM NONCELLULAR MATERIAL....PROVEN WRONG BY VIRCHOW 1855
ALL PLANT TISSUE MADE OF CELLS AND PLANT EMBRYOS ARISE FROM A SINGLE CELL
-WHO?
MATTHIAS SCHEIDEN
(DE) LAWYER TURNED BOTANIST
1838
WHAT ARE THE FIRST TWO TENNANTS OF THE CELL THEORY AND WHO PROPOSED THEM?
1. ALLL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS
2. THE CELL IS THE STRUCTURAL UNIT OF ALL ORGANISMS.
-SCHWANN 1839
THAT IS THE 3RD TENNANT OF THE CELL THEORY AND WHO PROPOSED IT?
CELLS ARISE FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS.
RUDOLF VIRCHOW 1855
CELLS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES SHARE SIMILARITIES THOUGHT EVOLUTION, NAME 4 POINTS.
STRUCTURE
COMPOSITION
METABLOIC FEATURES (LIMITS)
GENETIC CODE
T OR F?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS PROVIDE FUEL FOR ALL LIFE?
TRUE
NAME 2 POINTS OF CELL REGULATION
1. METABOLISM
A. CATABOLISM..BREAK DOWN
B. ANABOLISM....BUILD UP
2. GENETICS
REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION AND POST-TRANSLATION.
EVERY CELL HAS GENES, EXECPT SPERM.
WHO AND WHEN?
HANS DRIESCH 1891
WHAT ARE PROKARYOTES AND WHEN DID THEY AROSE?
BACTERIA
3.5 BILLION
WHAT ARE EUKARYOTICS AND WHEN DID THEY COME ABOUT?
PTROTISTS, PLANTS, FUNGI AND ANIMALS
1.5-2.0 BILLION
All of the following are basic properties of cells except:
B. Cells have a genetic program and the means to use it.
C. Cells are capable of producing more of themselves.
D. Cells are able to respond to stimuli.
A. Cells have nuclei and mitochondria.
All of the following are features of prokaryotes except:
B. sexual reproduction.
Which of the following may account for the small size of
cells?
D. all of the above
Which of the following statements is not true of viruses?
A. Viruses have been successfully grown in pure
cultures in test tubes.
B. All viruses are obligatory intracellular
parasites.
C. All viruses have either DNA or RNA as their
genetic material.
D. Viruses probably arose from small fragments
of cellular chromosomes.
A. Viruses have been successfully grown in purecultures in test tubes.
T OT F ?
If you were to study the sequences of nucleic acids in a variety of viruses and viral hosts, you would probably find more similar between viruses and their hosts than among different
viruses.
TRUE
T OR F ?
PROKARYOTES HAVE A NUCLEOD REGION WITH NO SPERATION?
TRUE
EUKARYOTES HAVE A TRUE MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS WITH SERERATION OF ___________ & _____________.
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
WHO HAS MORE BASE PAIRS YEAST, BACTERIA OR HUMANS?
YEAST.
YEAST: 12M BP
BACTERIA:600K- 8M
US: 3B BP
__________ Has Many Chromosomes That Are Made from Both DNA and Protein
Eukaryotic
True or false
prokaryotic have a single strand of DNA chromosome, either linear or circular
true
T OR F ?
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES AND CYTOSKELETON PROTEINS WHERE IS PROKARYOTIC HAVE NEITHER
TRUE
T OR F?
EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES BOTH HAVE RIBOSOMES DIFFER IN SIZE
TRUE
how do eukaryotic cells divide?
mitosis
the five steps of mitosis
INTERPHASE
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
WHAT TYPE OF CELL DIVIDES BY BINARY FISSION
prokaryotic
eukaryotes use both__________ and________ for locomotion
cytoplasmic
cilia
true or false to prokaryotic does have a flagella?
true
WHAT ARE THE TWO PROKARYOTIC SUB KINGDOMS
ARCHAEA
BACTERIA
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THE MYCOPLASMA
TB
THE HELL IS A DICTYOSTELIUM?
SLIM MOLD
differentation of stem cells usually occurs when and what is a general reason why ?
EMBRYOIC
CHEMICAL RESPONSE
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A PROKARYOTIC GOING INTO A EURKATYOTIC FORM
VORTICELLA
A COMPLEX CILIATED PROTEIST.
MORE COMPLEX THAN THAN PLANT AND ANIMAL INDIVIDUAL CELLS.
SACCHAROMYCESE CEREVISIAE IS A _______
YEAST
ARABADOPSIS THALIANA IS ________
THE MUSTARD PLANT.....GROWNS FAST
CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS IS THE______
ROUNDWORM...NEMATODE
DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER IS THE _______
FRUIT FLY
MUS MUSCULUS IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
MOUSE
WHAT DO WE USE SACCHAROMYCESE CEREVISIAE?
YEAST
THE NUMBER OF PRITEINS ARE HOLOMOUS TO HUMANS OF CONSERVED FUNCTION.
ARABADOPSIS THALIANA IS STUDIED WHY?
MUSTARD PLANT
SMALL GENOME (120 MILLION BP)
SMALL, GROWS FAST, LARGE SEED PRODUCTION.
WHY UTILIZE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS ?
RINGWORM...NEMATODE
1000 CELL STRUCTURES
CELL FUNCTIONS
SHORT G AND GENETIC ANALYSIS FRIENDLY
CAN LABEL NERVES WITH GFP
PROCESS WON 2002 NOBLE PRIZE
WHY STUDY DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER?
FRUIT FLY
DEVELOPMENTAL AND NEUROLOGICAL STUDIES ON SIMPLE BEHAVIOUR
GIANT CHROMOSOME USED FOR STUDY OF EVO AND GENE EXP
MUS MUSCULUS IS UTILIZED IN STUDIES WHY?
CAN ACCPET HUMAN GRAFTS WITHOUT REJECTION.
CELLS ARE MEASURED IN TWO WAYS. NAME THEM
MICROMETER 1mm = 10-6
NANOMETER 1nm = 10-9
NANOMETER ANGSTROM MICROMETER.
WHICH IS THE SMALLEST ?
ANGSTROM
1/10TH OF 1nm
WHAT IS THE SURFACE AREA OF A CELL?
AREA2/VOLUME3
_________OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES
VIRUS
A VIRUS OUTSIDE OF THE CELL IS CALLLED WHAT?
VIRION
TMV PROTEIN COAT ENCLOSES A SINGLE HELICAL------- MOLECULE
RNA
HOW LONG IS A TMV?
18NM LONG AND 18NM WIDE
T OR F ?
viruses probably arose as fragments of host chromosomes that became semi-autonomous.
TRUE
NAME TWO TYPES OF VIRAL INFECTIONS
LYTIC
INTEGRATED
DEFINE LYTIC VIRAL INFECTION
VIRUS REDIRECTS THE HOST INTO MAKING MORE VIRUS PARTICLES, HOST CELL RUPTURES AND RELEASES.
DEFINE INTERGRATED INFECTION
VIRUS INTERGRATES IT DNA (PROVIRUS) INTO THE HOST CHROMOSOMES.
HOST ACTS NORMAL UNTIL PROVIRUS STIMULATED.
LEADS TO LYSIS AND RELEASE OF VIRUS PROGENY.
CAUSES DISEASE BY INTERFERING WITH GENE EXPRESSION OF HOST CELL
VIROIDS
SMALL NAKES RNA MOLECULES
_________________is an infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form
prions
WHAT, WHEN AND WHERE DID WOESE USE IN HIS MOLECULAR CHRONOMETER COMPARISONS?
1970
U of I
16S rRNA PROKARYOTICS
18SrRNA EUKARYOTICS
WHY DID WOESE CHOOSE RNA TO TEST?
LARGE QUANITIES IN CELL AND TENDS TO CHANGE SLOWLY OVER TIME.
MOLECULAR CHRONOMETER PROCEDURE?
PURIFY 16S rRNA--->
T1 RIBONUCLEASE--->DIGESTION-->
OLIGONUCLEOTIDES (SHORT FRAGMENTS)-->
SEPERATE BY 2D GEL RUN--->
RESULT IS 2D FINGERPRINT.
WHEN DID WOESE AND FOX WORK TOGTHER AND WHAT WAS THE RESULTS?
1977
13 DIFFERENT SPECIES
3 CLASSES:URKARYOTES, EUBACTERIA & ARCHAEBACTERIA
URKARYOTES, EUBACTERIA & ARCHAEBACTERIA TODAY ARE KNOWN AS WHAT ?
ARCHAEA(EXTREME)&BACTERIA(EUBACTERIA).
EUCARYA....EUKARYOTICS
IN 1997 WHAT CHANGED TO THE CLASSIFICATION METHOD?
ARCHAEBACTERIAL GENES (INFOMATIONAL PRODUCTS) WERE DIFFERENT THAN EXPECTED IN EUBACTERIA, LOOKED MORE LIKE EUKARYOTES.
LGT...WHAT IS IT AND WHAT WAS THE TEXT REFERENCING?
LATERIAL GEN TRANSFER.
EVENT WHERE GENE IS PHAGOCYTIZED.
ESCHERICHIA & SALMONELLA
755 GENES .. 20% OF E.COLI FROM FOREGIN GENES OVER 100M WHEN THE 2 SPLIT. FROM 233 LGT EVENTS.
WHAT GENES DO YOU REVIEW TO DETERMINE PHYLOGENETIC SOURCE?
GENES INVOLED IN INFO ACTIVITES. (TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION & REPLICATION). THINK rRNA..UNLIKELY TO INTERACT PROPERLY WITH OTHER MOLECULES, BECAUSE ITS SPECIFIC.
WHAT 2 PHYLOGENTIC GROUPS ARE CLOSELY RELATED AND WHY?