Test Review Immunology and Serology

The study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

Foreign substances that induce an immune response.

The condition of being resistant to infections.

Exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions to reduce the effects of the disease.

This person injected cellular material into individuals from cowpox lesions to prevent smallpox.

Procedure of injecting immunogenic material into the body to induce immunity.

Developed an anttenuated vaccine.

Protection is always present.

Protection that arises by an immune response.

Innate and adaptive further divided into.

Substances, usually proteins, present in any bodily fluid

Serum factors in the blood formed in response to exposure to foreign substances.

The study of non-cellular components in the blood.

Process by which particulate antigens, such as cells, aggregate to form larger complexes when a specific antibody is present.

The combination of a soluble antigen with a soluble antibody to produce visible insoluble complexes.

When an antigen causes a disease

Non-pathogenic bacteria in the intenstine, vagina and nasopharynx.
Prevents colonization of new microorganisms.

The process in which cells engulf and degrade the antigen.

Two populations of phagocytes.

The precursors of macrophages

Monocytes leave the circulation and enter the ___________.

Monocytes differentiate into ________ in the tissues.

What are two functions of the macrophages?

Soluble proteins that regulate immune responses.

Movement through blood vessel/cell walls.

Main role is phagocytosis.

Defend against virally infected cells and some tumor cells.

Main host defense mechanism activated in response to parasitic infections, particularly helminths (worms).

Found in connective tissue, along blood vessels.
Granules contain enzymes - alkaline phosphate, acid phosphatase.

Found in peripheral blood.
Degranulate and histamine is released.

When basophils degranulate in excessive amounts, an enormous hypersensitivity results in what?
What other cells play a role in hypersensitivity reactions?

Phagocytize antigen and present it to helper T-lymphocyte.
They are the most potent phagocytic cell in the tissues.

What are two normal serum components that increase rapidly due to infection and injury to the tissues?

Most widely used indicator of acute inflammation.
Can be used to monitor outcome of surgery.

Overall function is the mediation of inflammation.

What is the key cell in the involved in immune response?

Lymphocytes represent what percentage of circulating white blood cells?

What are the two primary lymphoid organs?

After maturity, lymphs go to ____________ organs.

Name three of the secondary organs that lymphs go after maturity.

Effector cells serving a regulatory role.

Produce antibodies

Large, granular, and plays a role in both the innate and adaptive immune response.

Organ in which cells of immune system, mature differitiate and proliferate.

Largest tissue of the body.
Site of B-cell maturation.

10 - 20% of bone marrow cells are

B cells and T cells circulate in ______________________.

T cell maturation occurs where.

What is another name for t cells?

Mature T cells enter ______________________ stream and seed _________________________.

What are the two primary lymphoid tissue site?

What are the three secondary lymphoid tissue sites?

What are the five different cells found in the lymph node tissue and the spleen?

Name the cell:
Actively secrete antibodies

Name the cell:
Generation of these cells is the primary function of lymph nodes.

Name the cell:
Found in the lymphnoid follicles
Have long cytoplasmic processed that radiate out like tentacles
Large number of receptors for antibody and complement
Help capture antgen to present to T and B cells

Largest secondary lymphoid organ
Removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood
Each day adult's blood volume passes thru 4 times

Diffusely distributes lymphoid cells, not encapsulated.
Found in the GI, respiratory and urogentital tracts.
Site of macrophages and lymphocytes

Name the cell:
Differentiates into memory and plasma cells.

Name the cell:
Humoral immunity

Name the cell:
Play a role in cell-mediated immunity
Produce sensitized lymphs that produce cytokines

Where are surface markers located?

What are cell markers used for?

What are clusters of differentiation (CD)?

B cell differentiation:
CD45R
CD19
CD43
CD24
Interleukin-7 (IL-7)
Two identical light and heavy chain of an antibody molecule

B cell differentiation:
Incomplete immunoglobulin (IgM)
Lose CD43
Stimulates burst of clonal expansion

B cell differentiation:
Complete immunoglobulin (IgM)
CD21; CD40; and MHC class II

B cell differentiation:
IgD is added
Remain in the spleen in order to respond quickly to any blood-borne pathogens they may come in contact with

B cell differentiation:
CD25
Receptor for interleukin 2 (IL-2)
Gives rise to plasma cells and memory cells

Name the cell:
Most fully differentiated lymphocyte
main function is antibody production
Not normally found in peripheral blood
are non dividing
Die after several days

Name the cell:
Capable of responding to antigen with increased speed and intensity
Remain in an activated state for months or years

60 - 80% of circulating lymphocytes are ______________.

What are two classes of t-cells?

What is the primary role of CD4+ T cells?

What is the primary role of CD8+ T cells?

A growth factor leading to clonal expansion.

Name the cell:
Kills target without prior exposure
First line of defense against virally infected cells and tumor cells

Macromolecule capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells in an immunocompetent host

A substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells but may not be able to evoke an immune response in the first place.

What are five factors in influencing the immune response?

Small molecules that are not immunogenic.
Become immunogenic when coupled to a high molecular weight protein/carrier molecule

Haptens function as an ________.

Antigens that belong to host
Normally do not evoke an immune response

Same species that capable of immune response

Antigens that are from other species

Heteroantigens
In plants or animals that are identical or closesly related in structure
Causes antibody to cross react
Principle used for IM test

Substances that enhance the immune response to an antigen
Produces a local inflammatory response that attract a large number of immune system cells to the injection site

The genetic capability to mount an immune response is linked to a group of molecules originally called human leukocyte antigens. They determine whether transplanted tissue is histocompatible.

What is the main function of major histocombatibility complex?

What is the clinical relevence of MHC molecules?

What are the three forms of MCH molecules in Class I? They are found on all nucleated cells

Total set of MHC alleles inherited from one parent.

The sum of all halotypes from each parent.

What are the three forms of MCH molecules in Class II?

List the antigen presenting cells Class II MHC is expressed on.

Ensures ability for some individuals to survive a new, deadly microbial strain introduced in the population due to HLA genes having many variant forms in the population.

Specific glycoprotiens produced by the b-lymphs and plasma cells in response to a specific antigen and capable of reacting with that antigen.

Antibodies are considered to be a part of what branch of the immune system?

List the 5 major classes of immunoglobulins.

What are all immunoglobulin chains made up of?

What are the two types of light chains?

What are the two chain regions?

Name the chain region: (Igs)
Amino acids sequence shows tremendous variations from antibody to antibody
Determinse specificity of the antibody

Name the chain region: (Igs)
Constant amino acid sequence
Defines the biological activity of the immunoglobulin

What are the biological activities of Igs?

Because antibodies have both a variable region and a constant region, they are said to be _________________.

Produces 3 fragments
2 are bind to specific antigen (Fab)
1 crystallized from solution (Fe)

What are three characateristics of the (Fe) fragment?
Hint: part of Papain cleavage

What are 4 characteristics of (Fab) fragment?
Hint: part of Papain Cleavage

Name the Igs based on the following characteristics:
Highest serum concentration
Has the longest half-life 23 to 25 days
Only immunoglobulin that cross the placenta and provide immunity for newborn
Fixes complement
Coats antigen for phagocytosis (Opsinization)
neutralizes toxins and viruses
Participates in agglutination and precipitation reactions

Name the Igs based on the following characterists:
5- 10% of total serum immunoglobulin
Macroglobulin
Half-life of 10 days
Composed of 5 monomers held together by J or joining
chain
Ten binding sites, star-like shape
Most efficient at triggering classical complement pathway
First antibody produced in an infection

IgM antibodies that recognize antigens of the ABO blood group present on RBC's.

Which antibody is produced first in primary immune response?

Which antibody is produced in a secondary immune response?

Name the Igs based on the following characteristics:
10 to 15 percent of circulating
J chain
May help in transport to mucosal
secretions
Is found in breast milk
Acts as first line of defense on mucosal
surfaces

Name the Igs based on the following characteristics:
Extremelyscarce in serum
Less than 0.001% of total immunoglobulins
Half life of 2 to 3 days
Second type of immunoglobulin to appear
Does NOT appear to serve a protective
function
Does NOT bind complement
Does NOT bind to neutrophils or macrophages
Does NOT cross the placenta

Name Igs based on the following characteristics:
Least abundant immunoglobulin
0.0005 % of total serum immunoglobulins
Doesnot participate in typical immunoglobulin reactions such as complement fixation, agglutination or opsonization
NOT capable of crossing placenta
Binds to basophils and tissue mast cells

Change in constant region of an antibody molecule.
Specificity remains the same.
Variable region linked to a different constant region.
Biological function of the antibody is
changed.

Identical antibodies produced from a single clone of B lymphs