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Use dependent sodium channel blockade by class IA antiarrhythmics (e.g., quinidine) includes all of the following except:
- a. Increased action potential threshold
- b. Increased refractory period
- c. Increased automaticity
- d. Decreased membrane responsiveness
- e. Decreased conduction velocity
c
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Compensatory changes in congestive heart failure include all of the following except:
- a. Cardiac muscle hypertrophy.
- b. Diuresis.
- c. Increased ventricular volume.
- d. Increased systemic vascular resistance.
- e. Tachycardia.
b
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Which of the following result from digitalis (cardiac glycoside) administration in a patient with congestive heart failure?
- a. Tachycardia.
- b. Sodium retention.
- c. Increased peripheral resistance.
- d. Increased cardiac output.
- e. None of the above.
d
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Which of the following drug combinations can result in excessive hypotension?
- a. Sildenafil (cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor) and organic nitrate
- b. Alcohol and organic nitrate
- c. α1-Adrenoceptor blocker and organic nitrate
- d. Dihydropyridine (calcium channel blocker) and organic nitrate
- e. All of the above
e
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Which of the following drug combinations can be useful in the treatment of typical angina?
- a. Dihydropyridine (calcium channel blocker) and organic nitrate
- b. Dihydropyridine (calcium channel blocker) and β-adrenoceptor blocker
- c. a and b
- d. None of the above
c
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Which of the following drugs can be useful in the treatment of unstable angina?
- a. β-adrenoceptor antagonists (e.g., atenolol)
- b. Antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin)
- c. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (e.g., losartan)
- d. Lipid lowering drugs (e.g., lovastatin)
- e. All of the above
e
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Sublingual tablet but not coronary arterial injection of nitroglycerin provides relief from pain of typical (exertional) angina.
-
Low serum [K+] potentiates the action of digitalis glycosides and may result in fatal arrhythmias.
-
The orally active Class IB antiarrhythmic, lidocaine, is used primarily to treat supraventricular arrhythmias.
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1. Components of normal hemostasis include:
- A. An intact blood vessel wall
- B. Normal platelet function
- C. Normal coagulation system
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
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2. The endothelium has anti-thrombotic properties that include:
- A. Anti-platelet effects
- B. Anti-coagulant effects
- C. Fibrinolytic effects
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
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3. The intact endothelium:
- A. Has anti-thrombotic effects
- B. Only has pro-thrombotic effects
- C. Attracts platelets
- D. Separates the circulating blood from underlying collagen
Correct answer: A
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4. In the course of their activity, platelets do the following:
- A. Adhere to exposed collagen
- B. Secrete products from granules that aid in thrombosis
- C. Aggregate to form a temporary hemostatic plug
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
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5. The normal coagulation system consists of:
- A. A sequence of enzymatic conversions turning pro-enzymes into activated enzymes
- B. Involves conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
- C. Involves calcium at multiple steps
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
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6. The following have anti-coagulation effects:
- A. Vitamin K
- B. Protein S
- C. The fibrinolytic system
- D. Prostacyclin
Correct answer: B
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7. The following terms describe different amounts of accumulation of blood within tissue:
- A. Petechiae
- B. Purpura
- C. Ecchymoses
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
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8. Which of the following is not a beneficial effect of thrombosis:
- A. Stops exsanguination from external injury
- B. Controls local hemorrhage
- C. Complete obstruction of a vessel shutting off the blood supply and causing ischemia
- D. Provides growth factors which aid in healing
Correct answer: C
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9. Virchow’s triad:
- A. Describe factors that favor thrombus formation
- B. Describes factors that inhibit thrombus formation
- C. Describes 3 diseses named after Virchow
- D. Describes 3 symptoms described by Virchow
Correct answer: A
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10. Which of the following is not true of pulmonary embolism:
- A. Results in hundreds of thousands of deaths per year in the United States
- B. Most originate from the veins above the waist
- C. Inactivity and surgery predispose to their occurence
- D. Pulmonary infarction almost always complicates pulmonary embolism
Correct answer: B
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11. In addition to thrombi, other types of emboli include:
- A. Gas
- B. Amniotic fluid
- C. Fat
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
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12. Which of the following is the most important type of arteriosclerosis:
- A. Arteriolosclerosis
- B. Monckeberg’s arteriosclerosis
- C. Atherosclerosis
- D. Osteosclerosis
Correct answer: C
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13. Which of the following is not true of atherosclerosis:
- A. It is the leading cause of death in industrialized nations
- B. Death results from rupture or occlusion of arteries
- C. The prevalence is close to 100% in adults
- D. There is no relation to diet or cholesterol levels
Correct answer: D
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14. Which of the following is not a complication of myocardial infarction:
- A. Left ventricular aneurysm
- B. Acquired interventricular septal defect
- C. Congestive heart failure
- D. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Correct answer: D
-
15. Which of the following is untrue about sudden cardiac death:
- A. Most cases in the Western world are due to heart disease
- B. Accounts for hundreds of thousands of deaths per year in the United States
- C. Is most commonly due to coronary artery anomaly
- D. In adults is most commonly due to ischemic heart disease
Correct answer: C
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16. Sudden death can be due to:
- A. Diseases of the coronary arteries
- B. Diseases of the myocardium
- C. Diseases of the heart valves
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
-
17. Non-cardiac causes of sudden death include:
- A. Pulmonary embolism
- B. Abuse of recreational drugs such as cocaine
- C. Ruptured aortic aneurysm
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
-
18. Which of the following is not considered an arterial vessel:
- A. Elastic arteries
- B. Muscular arteries
- C. Arterioles
- D. Lymphatic vessels
Correct answer: D
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19. Which of the following is incorrect about the tunica intima:
- A. It is the innermost layer of the blood vessel
- B. One of the components is endothelial cells
- C. Another component is connective tissue
- D. Is of uniform thickness throughout the arterial system
Correct answer: D
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20. Which of the following is true of tunica media:
- A. In all arterial vessels, the primary component is smooth muscle cells
- B. In all arterial vessels, the major component is elastic tissue
- C. There is striated muscle within the media
- D. One of the major functions is control of vascular resistance
Correct answer: C
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21. Which of the following is not true of aortic aneurysm:
- A. The most common cause is atherosclerosis
- B. They are rare before the age of 50
- C. They are more frequently seen in men
- D. The majority occur above the diaphragm
Correct answer: D
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22. Which of the following is not true of vasculitis:
- A. It is an inflammation of the vessel wall
- B. It is never due to infection
- C. It is often not infectious
- D. It is often immune-mediated
Correct answer: B
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23. Which of the following is true of hypertension:
- A. It is more common in blacks
- B. It increases in prevalence and incidence with age
- C. It has been referred to as the silent killer
- D. It always responds to medical therapy
Correct answer: D
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24. Which of the following is true of hypertension:
- A. It is always due to renal disease
- B. It is never due to renal disease
- C. A cause can always be found
- D. A variety of drugs can cause hypertension
Correct answer: D
-
25. Which of the following regulates blood pressure:
- A. Heart rate
- B. Stroke volume
- C. Total peripheral resistance
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
-
26. Which of the following statements is not true of essential hypertension:
- A. It is the most common type of hypertension
- B. There are definite genetic influences
- C. There are environmental factors
- D. It is not a common disease
Correct answer: D
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27. Which of the following is not a complication of hypertension:
- A. Heart failure
- B. Accelerated atherosclerosis
- C. Cerebral hemorrhage
- D. Migraine headaches
Correct answer: D
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28. Which of the following would not be considered a congenital cardiac malformation:
- A. Ventricular septal defect
- B. Coarctation of the aorta
- C. Tetralogy of Fallot
- D. Infective endocarditis
Correct answer: D
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29. Which of the following is not true of cardiac tumors:
- A. Most are primary lesions
- B. Most are benign
- C. Metastatic tumors are more common than primary tumors
- D. Of the metastatic tumors, carcinomas of lung and breast are among the most common
Correct answer: A
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30. Of the following tumors, which is the most common primary tumor of the heart in adults:
- A. Metastatic carcinoma
- B. Angiosarcoma
- C. Rhabdomyosarcoma
- D. Cardiac myxoma
Correct answer: D
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1. Structural abnormalities of cardiac valves may result in:
- 1. valvular regurgitation
- 2. endocarditis
- 3. valvular stenosis
- 4. congestive heart failure
Answer: All
-
2. Mitral valve competence depends on normal:
- 1. mitral valve annulus
- 2. mitral valve leaflets
- 3. papillary muscles
- 4. other contiguous structures
Answer: All
-
3. Infective endocarditis can be complicated by:
- 1. septic embolization
- 2. valvular regurgitation
- 3. death
- 4. stroke
Answer: All
-
4. Major causes of pericarditis include:
- 1. infection
- 2. “autoimmune” diseases
- 3. myocardial infarction
- 4. colonic polyps
Answer: 1,2,3
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Know the 3 components of hemostasis
- Platelets
- Coagulation system
- Intact vascular wall
-
Know Virchow’s triad for thrombus formation
- Stasis
- Vascular injury
- Hypercoagulable state
-
Know the steps in formation of platelet hemostatic plug
- Accumulate
- Adhere
- Secrete
- Aggregate
-
Know the causes of bleeding
- Trauma
- Vascular disorders
- Platelet disorders
- Clotting factor deficiencies
-
Know the types of emboli that can occur
- Gas
- Amniotic fluid
- Bone marrow
- Atheroemboli
- Fat emboli
- Foreign bodies
- Tumors
-
Factors that contribute to hemostasis include:
- a. platelets
- b. heparin produced by endothelial cells
- c. coagulation factors
- d. hypertension
-
Answer: 1
- 1 if a + c are correct
- 2 if b + d are correct
- 3 if a, b, + c are correct
- 4 if a, b, c, d are correct
-
Virchow’s triad includes:
- a. stasis
- b. vascular injury
- c. hypercoagulable state
- d. thrombocytopenia
- Answer: 3
- 1 if a + c are correct
- 2 if b + d are correct
- 3 if a, b, + c are correct
- 4 if a, b, c, d are correct
-
In order for platelets to function normally the must:
- a. accumulate
- b. adhere
- c. secrete
- d. aggregate
-
Answer: 4
- 1 if a + c are correct
- 2 if b + d are correct
- 3 if a, b, + c are correct
- 4 if a, b, c, d are correct
-
After hip surgery, potential types of emboli include:
- a. gas
- b. thrombi
- c. amniotic fluid
- d. bone marrow
- Answer: 2
- 1 if a + c are correct
- 2 if b + d are correct
- 3 if a, b, + c are correct
- 4 if a, b, c, d are correct
-
At the time of delivering a baby, the mother is particularly susceptible to:
- a. thromboembolism
- b. gas embolism
- c. amniotic fluid embolism
- d. atheroembolism
- Answer: 1
- 1 if a + c are correct
- 2 if b + d are correct
- 3 if a, b, + c are correct
- 4 if a, b, c, d are correct
-
Know the types of arteriosclerosis:
- Atherosclerosis
- Monckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis
- Arteriolosclerosis
-
Know the 3 classical types of atherosclerosis
- Fatty streak
- Fibrous plaque
- Complicated plaque
-
Know the major risk factors for atherosclerosis
- Non-modifiable Modifiable
- Age Hyperlipidemia
- Male gender Cigarette smoking
- Genetic abnormalities Diabetes mellitus
-
Know the complications of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
- Coronary artery disease
- Arrhythmia
- Myocardial infarction
- Congestive heart failure
- Angina pectoris
-
Know the complications of myocardial infarction
- Arrhythmias
- Congestive heart failure
- Cardiac rupture
- Thrombosis and thromboembolism
- Pericarditis
- Aneurysm
-
Types of arteriosclerosis include
- a. atherosclerosis
- b. Monckeberg’s sclerosis
- c. arteriolosclerosis
- d. vasculitis
- Answer: 3
- 1 if a + c are correct
- 2 if b + d are correct
- 3 if a, b, + c are correct
- 4 if a, b, c, d are correct
-
The only clinically significant plaque, the complicated atherosclerotic plaque, often evolves from:
- a. Monckeberg’s medial sclerosis
- b. fatty streaks
- c. arteriolosclerosis
- d. fibrous plaques
- Answer: 2
- 1 if a + c are correct
- 2 if b + d are correct
- 3 if a, b, + c are correct
- 4 if a, b, c, d are correct
-
Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for coronary artery atherosclerosis:
- a. cigarette smoking
- b. hypertension
- c. hyperlipidemia
- d. male gender
- Answer: 3
- 1 if a + c are correct
- 2 if b + d are correct
- 3 if a, b, + c are correct
- 4 if a, b, c, d are correct
-
Complications of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease include:
- a. sudden death
- b. angina pectoris
- c. myocardial infarction
- d. congestive heart failure
- Answer: 4
- 1 if a + c are correct
- 2 if b + d are correct
- 3 if a, b, + c are correct
- 4 if a, b, c, d are correct
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