EE Bio

• - had detailed knowledge of marine life
• -used clues such as wind, wave, and current patterns to navigate

• -The first accomplished western navigators
• - by 2000 B.C they were sailing around the mediterranean sea, black sea, atlantic ocean

• -Had considerable knowledge of nearshore organisms in te mediterranean
• -Greek plates with marine organisms on them
• -Electrical stimulation therapy form an electrical ray

• aristotle
• -described many forms of marine life
• -recognized that gills are the breathing apparatus of fish

• 1. Arctic to Antarctic
• 2. Alaska toAustralia
• 3. naturalist
• 4. chronometer: determine longitude

• -Sailed around the world on the HMS beagle
• -Explained the formation of distinctive rings on coral reefs called atolls
• -Captured plankton, barnacles
• -natural selction and evolution

• -US government funded
• - 10,000 biological specimens

• -discovered many unknown organisms
• -recognized that sea floor varies at different depths
• -inspired the Challenger expedition

• -British navy suppled a light warship
• -brought back themost information that had ever been recorded in previous history
• -laid foundations of modern marine science

Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts

• Sound navigation ranging
• -developed in WWII in reponse to submarine warfare
• -detection of underwater echoes

• 1. Scuba
• 2. Research vessels
• 3. Remote sensing technology
• 4. Robots
• 5.Critter cams

• 1. Observations
• 2. Questions
• 3. Testable Hypotheses
• 4. Experiments
• 5. Analysis of Results

• explanation supported by reasearch and evidence
• -still subject to revision

• Crust: outermost, extremely thin
• 1. Lithosphere
• -brittle
• -oceanic(basalt) and continental (granite) plates
• 2. Mantle
• -Upper: Asthenosphere
• -Lower
• 3.Core
• -Hot
• -Iron/nickel
• -Outer: molten mateiral
• -Inner: solid

continous, submarine range of volcanic mountains that runs through all ocean basins

• 1. Seafloor Spreading
• New ocean floor is made at the ridge center and becomes progressively older moving away from the ridge.
• 2. Erosion/weathering
• 3.Volcanoes
• 4.Earthquakes

• Cooling oceanic plate(Slab pull) and Convection currents
• -molten material rises from the mantle, spreads the plates apart -cools and spreads, pulls the plate along with it
• -eventually sinks back down and destroyed at trenches

• 1. Define, Create, Destroy marine habitats
• 2. Influences biodiversity: Speciation

• 1. Puzzle pieces
• 2. Volcanoes and earthquakes
• 3.Fossil and coal deposits
• 4. Magnetism

• 1. The continental margins: submerged edges of the continents
• -boundaries between continental crust and oceanic crust
• 2. Deep-sea floor

• – Cracks and crevices in lithosphere
• – Seawater seeps down and is heatedby mantle (up to350C, 660F
• – Dissolves minerals(sulfides)
• – Rises forming “blacksmokers” or deep sea hot springs

chimney-like structures that progressively build up around a vent as minerals solidify

4.6 billions years ago

4.3 billion years ago

• 3 billion years ago
• -single-celled organism

1 billion years ago

500 millions years ago

400 million years ago

2-4 milion years ago

2 billion years ago

500,000 years ago

• 1.Convergent
• 2.Divergent
• 3.Transform

• ex. san andreas fault
• - fault between offset segments of a spreading ridge
• -move horizontally in opposite directions
• -shear boundary

• • Lithospheric plates move toward each other
• • Higher density oceanic crust overridden by low density continental crust
• • Subduction zone forms and produces a trench
• •Subduction of older oceanic crust balances the spreading seafloor equation
• • Subduction zones are active geologic places
• oVolcanism
• oEarthquakes
• oIsland arc formation

• – Lithospheric plates move apart; form oceanic ridges
• – Upwelling of asthenosphere injects magma forming oceanic ridges and new oceanic crust
• – New oceanic crust cools through Curie Point and takes on present magnetic field direction

• 1.Oceanic-continental
• • Trench formation
• • Earthquakes, volcanic ridges
• • Hydrothermal vents
• • Oceanic crust destroyed
• 2.Oceanic-oceanic
• • Trench formation
• • Earthquakes, volcanic islands
• 3.Continental-continental
• • Mountain formation

weathering

• Marine organisms
• • Calcareous (foraminiferans, coccolithophorids, shells)
• • Siliceous (diatoms, radiolarians, sponge spicules)

• 1.climate (species, Mg:Ca, Sr:Ca),
• 2. ageing (carbon dating)
• 3. ancient atmosphere(bubbles in sea ice)

• Only substance naturally occurring in all 3 states on Earth
• • High heat capacity
• – Highest of all common liquids and solids
• • Incredible solvent
• – Dissolves more substances than any other common liquid
• • High heat of vaporization
• – Highest of common liquids
• • High Surface tension

Water molecules surround ions causing dissociation

Sea water becomes denser as it cools, until it freezes, it becomes less dense

• 1. Weathering
• 2. Hydrothermal vents
• 3. 85% NaCl

Grams of salt per 1000 grams of evaporated seawater

• -Most marine organisms die in fresh water
• -organism evolved specific mechanisms

35%

• 1. Oxygen
• 2. carbon dioxide
• 3. Nitrogen

• 1. Nitrogen
• 2. Phosphorus
• 3. Iron

• 1. Precipitation-evaporation ratio
• 2. Freshwater loss: Increases salinity
• -Evaporation
• -Freezing
• Freshwater Input: Decreases salinity
• -Precipitation
• -Glacial melt
• 3. Weather
• 4. Seasons
• 5. Climate
• 6. Currents

• Colder=denser
• Saltier=denser

• Open ocean: 28F to 86F (-2C to 30C)
• -Ocean is less prone to freezing because salt water freezes at colder temperature than pure water
• • Salt decreases freezing temperature,increases boiling temperature
• -Gets colder with depth
• -exception: hydrothermal vents

large fluctuations in salinity

• Surface: Wind(Sun)
• Deep: Density driven(Thermohaline Circulation)

Pressure increases with depth because the amount of water above gets greater

Region near equator of light and variable winds

• approach the equator of about 45o
• -steadiest winds on earth

curve due to rotating sphere deflects winds and currents to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere

• -lie at middle latitudes
• -move in opposite direction of trade winds

• -Most variable of all winds
• -high latitude

Each layer pushes lower layer at additional angle with less speed

Large circular systems formed when currents combine

• • Caused by winds
• • Carry energy but do not transport water

the span of open water over which the wind blows

fetch

• – Elliptical water particle motion
• – Decrease speed
• – Wavelength decreases, height increases
• – Break when too tall

– Reinforcement: “rogue waves”

• Rhthmic pattern of rising and falling sea surface
• - Casued by Gravitational pull of the sun and moon on the Earth and rotations of the earth and moon

• High: Bulge of water toward moon
• Low: Bulge away from moon
• -Earth rotates resulting in high and low tides
• New and Full Moon: Sun and Moon are in line
• -largest tidal bulge

• Blue: Longest
• Red: the shortest

• Ex.Grunion
• – Come on shore with highest high tides
• – Females dig hole and layeggs
• – Males curl around females to fertilize
• – Eggs hatch with return of high spring tides
• The intertidal zone is exposed at low tide and covered at high tide

• • Photosynthesis:
• -Photic zone: upper 200m
• • No sunlight penetrates beyond 1,000m
• -less productivity

• As pressure increases----gas-filled structured are compressed which could kill you. Lungs could collapse
• -Or if taken to areas with less pressure, Ex. Longfin Grouper,then swim bladder could expand and explode

• 1. Intertidal Zone
• - This zone is covered with water at high tide, and exposed to air at low tide.
• -Must be able to retain moisture and protect from sunlight burn
• -Waves: Kelps has holdfast
• 2. Coral Reefs
• -sensitive to climate change
• 3. Pelagic Zone(Open Ocean)
• 4. Deep ocean
• -hard to find mates:Use sense of smell
• -cold, dark, strong pressure

• 1. Ecosystem
• 2. Community
• 3. Population
• 4. Individual
• 5. Organ
• 6. Tissue
• 7. Cell
• 8. Organelle
• 9. Molecule
• 10. Atom

• • Organization: Cellular composition
• • Use energy (Metabolism)
• • Maintain homeostasis
• • Ability to sense and react to environment
• • Growth
• • Reproduction → capacity to evolve

• • Carbon
• • Hydrogen
• • Oxygen

Energy storage and release

• • Carbohydrates
• • Lipids
• • Proteins
• • Nucleic Acids (Genetic Information)

• • Simple sugars- metabolism
• – Glucose (C6H12O6)
• • Complex carbohydrates- energy storage
• – Starches
• – Chitin- exoskeletons
• – Cellulose- plant cell walls

• • Glycerol and Fatty acids
• • Fats, oils, waxes
• – Cell membranes
• – Energy storage
• – Insulation
• – Waterproofing
• – Buoyancy
• – Hormones

• • Amino acids
• – C,H,O + Nitrogen
• – Essential Amino Acids
• – Structure
• – Enzymes
• – Hormones

• • Nucleotides
• – C,H,O,N + Phosphorus
• – 4 nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine
• • DNA
• • RNA– Uracil

• • No nucleus and few organelles
• • Cell wall and cellmembrane
• • Circular DNA
• • Some are autotrophic
• • Some are motile
• • Unicellular

• • Complex organelles
• ie. Nucleus,Mitochondria
• • Chromosomes
• • Unicellular ormulticellular

• – Cell membrane only
• – No chloroplasts
• – Small vacuoles

• – Cell wall (and cell membrane)
• – Chloroplasts (chlorophyll)
• – Central vacuole

• • Maintain stable internal conditions
• – Water content
• – Salt/nutrient content
• – Temperature
• – Pressure
• • Requires energy (ATP)

• - Body heat matches external temperature
• - most heat is lost to environment

• Retain significant metabolic heat
• -internal temperature stays warmer than external

Temperature varies with external temperature

Regulate body temperature so it doesnt vary as much as external temperature

• 1.Asexual
• • Identical copies of parent cell
• – Fission, budding
• 2. Sexual
• • Combination of genetic information from 2 parents
• – Production of haploid gametes through meiosis
• – Fertilization forms a genetically unique zygote
• 3. Bacteria
• - Binary Fission: asexual reproduction in which an organism splits into two

• Diffusion of water
• - Across a semi-permeable membrane

• • Conforms internal concentration to salinity of environment
• – Will gain or loose water when conditions change

• Maintains constant internal water/solute level regardless of environment
• – Requires energy

• In seawater:
• • Water leaves the body, must excrete salts
• In freshwater:
• • Water enters the body, must absorb salts

• – Kidneys: excretory system
• – Salt glands
• – Alter blood chemistry (urea) ionoregulation

– Millions of gametes released

• • The best adapted individuals produce more offspring
• -Evolution: change over time
• -Mutation, Divergence &Natural selection

• Taxonomy
• 1. Genus: group of very similar species
• 2. species

Ex. Homo sapiens

• -find out relatedness
• -share a common ancestor/trait

• 1. Viruses
• 2. Prokaryotes (bacteria, archea)
• 3. Eurkaryotes

• -No cellular structure
• - not alive
• - Reproduce only byinfecting a living cell
• –Small amount ofgenetic material
• • Create dissolved organic matter(DOM)
• - when viruses infect bacteria, organic matter burst out

• • Oldest and simplest forms of life on Earth
• • Two domains:
• – Bacteria
• – Archaea
• • Shapes
• – Spheres
• – Spirals
• – Rods
• – rings
• • Size
• – Most microscopic

• Structurally simple
• • Genetically distant from archaea and eurkaryotes
• • Break down oil
• • Base of food web

Break down waste products and dead organic matter and recycle nutrients into the environments

• – Parasitism
• – Commensalism
• – Mutualism ☺☺

• • “Blue-green algae” (photosynthetic bacteria)
• • Chlorophyll a and phycocyanin(blue) and phycoerythrin(red)
• • Formed stromatolites(calcareous mounds) 3 billion years ago
• • Accumulation of oxygen in atmosphere

Photosynthetic organisms that live on algae or plants

Organisms that live inside algae

• • Similar to 3.8 billion year old fossils
• • Evolution of life, eukaryotes
• • Thought to be bacteria until late 70s
• – as different as both are from us!
• • Extremophiles
• – deep, hot, acidic, alkaline, saline
• • Also in mild environments
• – water column, sediments,symbiotic
• • Like bacteria can be spherical,spiral or rod-shaped

• – Asexual
• – Horizontal transfer
• Ex. resistance

• -Eukaryotic
• -diverse evolutionary histories
• • Unicellular or multicellular
• • Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic
• • Example: Diatoms & Dinoflagellates

• – Autotrophic primary producers
• – Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll and other pigments
• – Planktonic, motile, sessile, symbiotic

• – Frustule(glassy shell): Silica (SiO2)
• – Carotenoid pigments + chlorphyll a,c
• – Most planktonic, may aggregate
• – Temperate and polar regions
• – Autotrophic (few heterotrophic): Major primary producers

– Asexual or sexual

• – Siliceous ooze
• – Mined for:
• -Filters (pool, beer, sugar, syrup, oil)
• -Insulators (temp, sound)

• – 2 flagella for omnidirectional movement
• – Cellulose plates
• – Carotenoid pigments + chlorphyll a,c
• – Eye spot
• – Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic
• – Warm water primary production
• – Red tide blooms, some toxic or bioluminescent

• -start shaped
• – Silica, important primary producers

• – Calcium carbonate coccoliths
• – Major blooms and chalk deposits

• – Small,
• -no skeleton,
• -reduced symbiotic eukaryotic cell containing chloroplast

• -Anima-like protists
• • Evolutionarily diverse group
• • Most single celled (some colonial)
• • Heterotrophic, some also autotrophic

• – Calcium carbonate shell(test), chambers
• – Pseudopodia: capture food
• – Feed on diatoms and other small planktonic organisms
• – Planktonic, benthic (bottom) and free or attached

• – Elaborate silica shells and pseudopodia
• - Planktonic, shallow to deep
• – Form deep water siliceous ooze, microfossils
• - more resistant to dissolving
• -Giants in protozoans

• – Cilia used for locomotion and feeding
• - Highly complex single cells
• – Live on algae, sediments, in animals (clam gills, sea urchin intestines,fish skin), or attached to substrate, some planktonic (ex. Tintinnids).
• – Reproduce sexually and asexually

• • Eukaryotic
• • Mostly multicellular (except molds, yeast)
• • Multicellular: hyphae filaments
• • Contain cell walls
• • Important decomposers,particularly of cellulose(plant material)
• • Also break down oil and toxins

• • Fungi + Cyanobacteria or green algae
• • Hyphae provide support and protection, autotrophs provide food
• • Live on/in rock, barnacle or limpet shells
• • Potential source of antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoal compounds

• 1.Red (Rhodophyta)
• 2.Brown (Phaeophyta)
• 3.Green (Chlorophyta)
• • Eukaryotic, diverse evolutionary histories
• • Unicellular or multicellular
• • Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic
• • Not true plants, no true leaves, stems, roots,specialized transport tissues

• -the biggest of all algal species
• Synthesize alginate – makes these seaweeds sticky and gooey
• - Make use of chl a and c, cartenoids (including fucoxanthin)

• -Gave rise evolutionarily to terrestrial plants
• -Contain the same photosynthetically active pigments, chl a and b,
• -Like land plants, greens store starch and cellwalls are made of cellulose
• - Useful as bioindicators of habitat degradation

• -Make use of chl a and phycobiliproteins(phycoerythrin, phycocyanin)
• - Can live at deeper depths than other algae
• - Calcium carbonate secretions by red algae contribute more to building tropical reefs

• Surf grass and eel grass
• • True leaves, stems, and roots
• • Low intertidal and shallow water subtidal habitats
• • Trap sediments, stabilize sandy substrates, source of food(urchins), shelter from wave exposure

• • Eukaryotic
• • Multicellular
• • Heterotrophic
• • Invertebrates vs. vertebrates

• • Organization: Cellular level
• • Symmetry: None
• • Aggregations of specialized cells withouttrue tissues
• • Sessile, benthic
• • Nearly all marine
• • Filter feeders

• • Organization: Tissue level
• • Symmetry: Radial
• • Centrally located mouth
• • Tentacles with stinging cells (nematocysts)
• • Filter feeders, algae symbionts, drifting predators
• • Sessile (hydroid, anemone, coral) or mobile(jellies)
• • Colonial or solitary• Nerve net, photoreceptors

• -Attached
• -Mouth and tentacles away from substrate

• -Free swimming
• -Tentacles away from direction ofswimming