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peptidoglycan
structural molecule of bacteria cell walls
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binary fission
prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells
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mitosis
a eukaryotic cell replication where chromosomes are duplicated; follwed by division of the cytoplasm if the cell
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eukaryotic
dna inside a membrane-enclosed nucleus; organisms that can interbreed
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prokaryotic
general material not in nuclear envelope; share certain rRNA sequences
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spontaneous generation
the idea that life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter
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germ theory of disease
principle that microorganisms cause disease
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biogenesis
theory that living cells arise only from pre-exsisting cells
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fungi
eukaryotic absorbtive chemoheterotroph
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teichoic acid
a polysacharide found in gram POSITIVE cell walls
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nucleus
part of the atom consisting of the protons and neutrons; part of eukaryotic cell that contains genetic material
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nucleolus
area in eukaryotic nucleus where rRNA is synthesized
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chloroplast
organelle that performs photosynthesis in photoautotrophic eukaryotics
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mitochondria
energy production in a cell
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lysosomes
organelle containing digestive enzymes
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golgi body
Sorting center for proteins in cell; Produces vesicles which fuse with plasma membrane
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ribosome
site of protien synthesis
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endoplasmic reticulum
Site of protein synthesis in cells; Start of protein export process; Connected to nuclear pores and Golgi body
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plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cells
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chromosome
contains genes, structure that carries hereditary info
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capsule
outter covering on some bacteria composed of a polysaccharide or polypeptide
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flagella
thin appendage from surface of cell used for cellular movement
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endospore
a resting structure formed inside some bacteria
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fimbriae
appendage on bacterial cell used for attachment
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pili
appendage on a bacterial cell used for conjugtaion and gliding motility
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cilia
short cellular projection from eukaryotic cells, composed of 9 pairs and 2 microtubles
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phospholipid
complex lipid composed of glycerol two fatty acids and a phosphate group
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DNA
nucleic acid of genetic material in all cells and some viruses
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condenser
lens system located below stage that directs light rays through the specimen
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ocular lens
lens closest to veiwer, eyepeice
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objective lens
the lens closest to the specimen
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osmotic pressure
solvent moves from a solution of lower solute concentration to a high solte concentration
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lipopolysaccharide
molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide forming outter membrane of gram- NEGATIVE cell walls
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krebs
pathway that convert 2-carbon compund to c02 transfering electrons and NAD and other carriers
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aerobe
an organism requiring molecular oxugen for growth
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bacilli
any rod shape bacterium
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cocci
spherical or oval bacterium
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spirochete
corkscrew-shaped bacteria with axial filament
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hooke
discover marked the cell theory- all living things are composed of cells
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lister
aseptic surgury used phenol solution to reduce death caused by microorganisms
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pasteur
disproved spontaneous generation
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hubble law
movement of galadies away from us
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age of the universe
+ or - 15 billion years
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big bang nucleosynthesis produced
large amounts of helium
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penzias and wilson
measure temp to be 3k, won nobel prize in physics
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suns energy comes from
hydrogen fusing to form helium
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sun formed from and how long ago?
5 billion years ago from gravitational field initiating fusion
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accretion
forms planets and moon (earth and moon are the same age)
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earth is how old?
4.6 billion years old
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early atmosphere
no oxygen and mainly nitrogen carbon dioxide and water
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characteristics of life
- composed of cells
- reproduce in kind
- metabolism
- respond to stimuli
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chemical evolution
no oxygen requires energy hydrogen nitrogen carbon and time
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RNA has
- catalytic activity
- structural capability
- info carrying capability
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prokaryotic cells appeared
3.5 billion years ago
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eukarotic cells appeaed
2.5 billion years ago
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evidence of evolution
- radiometeric dating
- fossil records
- dna sequence
- and lab experiments
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Ptolemy described
refraction of water
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Seneca described
magnification by a globe of water
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Alhazen described
optical principle and eye anatomy
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bacon described
simple magnification
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hooke described
the "cell" in a living organism
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van leeuwenhoek described
bacteria blood protozoa and sperm with a single lens microscope
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chromaic aberreration
dif wavelengths of light are refracted through lens at different angles
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spherical abberation
light hits edges casing distortion
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total magnification
ocular x objective
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refractive index
measure of velocity of light passing trough a substance
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oil immersion
prevents light scattering between slide and objective lens
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scientific method
- observation
- hypothesis
- test hypothesis
- accept/reject/reuse hypothesis
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abiogenesis
life arises from inorganic or non living material
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van helmont
grains and shirt = mice supported spontaneous generation
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redi
tested spontaneous generation with maggots on meat
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needham
believed flies do not arise spontaneously
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spallanzani
flasks sealed by melting glass remained sterile when boilded
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schwann
made something to sterilize air going into the flask, results supported bogenesis
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pasteur
developed swan neck flask dealing with heated air problems
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koch
developed relationship between microorganisms and disease. discover cause of anthrax and tuberculosis
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brown
descibed the nucleus
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schwann and schleiden
advanced cell theory
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cell theory
- organisms composed of cells
- cells are basic unit of life
- cells arise from preexisting cells
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prokaryotic cell
- basic
- no nucleus
- bacteria
- difuses faster
- smallest - nuclear material is circular
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eukaryotic cell
- true
- nucleus
- larger
- nuclear material linear- chromosomes
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3 basic shapesof bacteria
- cocci - spheres
- bacillus- rods
- spirochete- corkscrew
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hydrophobic tails
on the inside of the plasma membrane
-
hydrophillic tails
the otter part of the plasma membrane
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function of plasma membrane
- boundry
- recognition
- energy
- diffusion
- active transport
- bulk transport
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simple diffusion
movement of small uncharged molecules
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osmosis
diffusionof water inresponce to solute concentration
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facilitated diffusion
diffusion using a channle protien
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diffusion
movement of molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration
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hypotonic
solute concentratonless outside the cell than the inside
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hypertonic
solute concentration greater outside cell than the inside
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active transport
movement against energy concentration gradient requires energy
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