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homeostasis
the process of maintaining favorable conditions inside the body
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organ
structural unit that is composed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a particular task
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organ system
organs that interact closely in some task
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stem cell
a cell that can divide and create more stem cells or differtiate to become a specialized cell type
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tissue
a collection of one or more specific cell types that are organized in a way that suits them to a task
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connective tissue
animal tissue with an extensive extracellular matrix; provides structural and functional support
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endocrine gland
ductless gland that secretes hormones into a body fluid
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epithelial tissue
sheetlike animal tissue that covers outer body surfaces and lines internal tubes and cavities
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exocrine gland
gland that secretes milk, sweat saliva, or some ther substance through a duct
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fibroblast
main cell type in soft connective tissue; secretes collagen and other components of extracellular matrix
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gland
cluster of secretory epithelial cells
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adipose tissue
connective tissue with fat-storing cels
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blood
fluid connective with cells that form inside bones
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bone tissue
connective tissue with cells surrounded by a mineral-hardened matrix of their own secretions
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cardiac muscle tissue
striated, involuntary muscle of the heart wall
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cartilage
connective tissue with cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of their own secretions
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dense connective tissue
connective tissue with many fibroblasts and fibers in a random or a regular arrangement
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loose connective tissue
connective tissue with relatively few fibroblasts and fibers scattered in its matrix
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skeletal muscle tissue
striated, vluntary muscle that interacts with bone to move body parts
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smooth muscle tissue
involuntary muscle that lines blood vessels and hollow organs; not striated
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dermis
deep layer of skin that consists of connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels running through it
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epidermis
outermost, epithelial skin layer
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nervous tissue
animal tissue composed of neurons and supporting cells; detects stimuli and controls responses to them
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neuron
main type of cell in nervous tissue; transmits electrical signals along its plasma membrane and communicates with other cells through chemical messages
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negative feedback
a change causes a response that reverses the change
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sensory receptor
cell or cell component that detects stimuli and signals the brain
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epithelial tissues
are sheetlike with one free surface
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a basement membrane
connects epithelium to underlying connective tissue
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most animals have glands derived from
epithelial tissue
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only epithelial cells
have cilia or microvilli at their surface
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the most abundant protein in the human body is
collagen made by fibroblasts
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your body converts excess carbohydrates and proteins to fats which accumulate in
adipose tissue cells
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connective tissues
are the body's most abundant and widely distributed tissue
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cells of ___ can shorten (contract)
muscle tissue
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_____ muscle tissue has a striated appearance
skeletal and cardiac
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____ detects and integrates information about changes and controls responses to those changes
nervous tissue
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thin cytoplasmic projections from cells called ____ carry signals between your spinal cord and your toes
neurons
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the functions of skin include
- defense against pathogens
- production of vitamin D
- helping to cool the body
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when the level of sugar in your blood falls too low, your body senses this decline and coverts glycogen to sugar, putting more sugar into your blood. this is an example of
negative feedback & homeostasis
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epidermis
outermost skin layer
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exocrine gland
secretes through duct
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endocrine gland
ductless hormone secretor
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cardiac muscle
in heart only
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cartilage
support in ears and nose
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smooth muscle
contracts, not striated
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blood
plasma, platelets and cells
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endoskeleton
hard internal parts that muscles attach to and move
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exoskeleton
hard external parts that muscles attach to and move
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hydrostatic skeleton
fluid-filled chamber that muscles act on, redistributing the fluid
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intervertebral disk
cartilage disk between two vertebrae
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vertebrae
bones of the backbone
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vertebral column
the backbone
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arthritis
chronic inflammation of a joint
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cartilaginous joint
joint where cartilage holds bones together and provides cushioning, as between vertebrae
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combact bone
dense bone with concentric layers of matrix
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dislocation
bones of a joint are out of place
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fibrous joint
joint where dense connective tissue holds bones firmly in place
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joint
region where bones come together
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ligament
dense connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint
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osteoporosis
disorder in which bones weaken
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red marrow
bone marrow that makes blood cells
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spongy bone
lightweight bone with many internal spaces
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sprain
ligaments of a joint are injured
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synovial joint
joint such as the knee that is lubricated by fluid and allows movement of bones around the joint
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yellow marrow
bone marrow that is mostly fat; fill cavity in most long bones
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actin
globular protein; in thin filaments of muscle fibers
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myofibrils
threadlike, cross-banded skeletal muscle components that consist of sarcomeres arranged end to end
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myosin
motor protein with a club-shaped head; in thick filaments of muscle fibers
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sarcomere
contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle
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tendon
strap of dense connective tissue that connects a skeletal muscle to bone
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muscle fatigue
decrease in a muscle's ability to contract despite ongoing stimulation
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muscle tension
force exerted by a contracting muscle
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a hydrostatic skeleton consists of ___
a fluid in an enclosed space
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bones are ___
- mineral reservoirs
- skeletal muscle's partners
- sites where blood cells form (some bones only)
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the human backbone ___
- consists of vertebrae and intervertebral cartilage disks
- has a shape adapted to upright walking
- encloses the spinal cord
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bones move when ___ muscles contract
skeletal
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a ligament connects __
bones at a joint
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binding the ATP to ___ activates it and prepares it to take part in muscle contraction
myosin
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release of ___ from intracellular storage allows actin and myosin to interact
calcium ions
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ATP for muscle contraction can be formed by ___
- aerobic respiration
- lactate fermentation
- creatine phosphate breakdown
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a motor unit is ___
a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls
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a muscle can ___ bone
pull on
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what protein makes up the thick filaments in a sarcomere?
myosin
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the knee is a ___ joint
synovial
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vertebrae
segments of backbone
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cranial bones
part of skull
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muscle fatigue
decline in muscle tension
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muscle twitch
brief contraction
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muscle tension
force exerted by contraction
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muscular dystrophy
genetic disorder of muscles
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osteoporosis
decline in bone density
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arthritis
chronic joint inflammation
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sprain
damange to ligaments
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dislocation
misplaced bones
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lactate fermentation
makes ATP without oxygen
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aerobic respiration
makes ATP; requires oxygen
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