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Neutrophils
fight bacterial infections, most numerous, 60% of all WBC
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Eosinophils
combat parasitic infections and are associated with allergic reactions and other inflammatory processes
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Basophils
initiates a massive inflammatory response that brings other WBCs to site of infection; work with IgE which triggers basophils to release histamine
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Monocytes
circulate in the blood and then enter tissue; can survive for months to years
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Lymphocytes
coordinate actions of other immune cells via CSF; increase in diverse infections and immune responses
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Why are skin tests done
to determine whether cell mediated immune functions are normal
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Stool cultures
used to detect and identify microorganisms in the stool
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Shift to the left
when neutrophils are >60% and indicates that bone marrow has been stimulated to produce more neutrophils to fight off infection
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ANC calculation
(%neutro + %bands) X WBC
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Most common sites of infection in neutropenic patients
lung, blood, skin, urinary tract and GI tract
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Acute leukemias are generally treated with
high doses of chemo (inductions)
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Type I hypersensitivity
mediated by IgE reacting to common allergens, such as dust, pollen
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Type II hypersensitivity
mediated by antibody reactions like with mismatched blood transfusion or response to various drugs
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Type III hypersensitivity
some autoimmune reactions, occupational diseases, or response to various drugs
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Type IV hypersensitivity
delayed reactions, TB skin testing, contact dermatitis
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Basophils do what
secrete histamine and heparin
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Mast cells are
stuck on blood vessel in connective tissue near capillary
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Basophils move around
Mast cells stay put
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Corticosteroids should not be used in acute appendicitis
will mask symptoms instead of show disease
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Most common anaphylaxis
penicillin
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Active immunity
illness, vaccination, permanent
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Passive immunity
snake bite (immunoglobin injection), breastmilk or placenta
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Innate immunity
non specific, 24/7, skin and mucous membranes, inflammation
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Acquired active
active-only when needed
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Acquired passive
temporary
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Lymph system
maintain fluid balance, protect body from infection and disease
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Lymph
clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma but much mess protein (albumin), originates as tissue fluid
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IgA
on all mucous membranes-prevents bacteria from attacking to mucous membranes; passed on in mother�s milk
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IgG
passed through placenta
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IgM
created by plasma cells
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IgG
attacks specific antigen
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Which immunoglobin enhances phagocytosis
IgG (majority of immunoglobins)
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WBC involved in immunity are produced in
bone marrow
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What is a major function of the natural immune system in response to tissue injury or invading organism
inflammatory
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Chemo and radiation�
both suppress bone marrow
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Life threatening complications
bleeding and infection
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Interferon deals with
viruses, not bacteria
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IgG and IgM
enhance phagocytosis
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Two kinds of acquired immunity
humoral/antibacterial and cell mediated
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Antibody mediated (extracellular)
initiated when IgM on B lymphocytes detect a foreign antigen; can be active or passive
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Cell mediated (intracellular)
aimed at intracellular defects caused by viruses and cancer-T cells destroy defective cell; responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions and rejection of transplanted tissue
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Memory B cells
produce IgG
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T cell activation
kills whole cell
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Causes of neutropenia
decreased production (chemo, radiation, matastic cancer) and increased destruction (medication induced, viral disease, bacterial infections)
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Stomatitis
inflammation of mucous membranes in the mouth
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Most common metastis
liver, brain, bone, lungs
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Highest estimates of new cancers
Prostate and Breast
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Highest deaths
lung and bronchus
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Initiation
Cell appears somewhat abnormal but continues to function normally
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Promotion
Latent period before increased growth forms tumors
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Progression
Tumor development-cells mutate
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Metastasis
Transformed cells relocate by direct extension, invasion, establishment of remote cites
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Fibroma
Fibrous connective tissue
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Leiomyoomas
Smooth muscle tissue
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Carcinoma
Skin, glands, linings or digestive, urinary, respiratory tracts
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Sarcoma
Bone, muscle, other connective tissue
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Melanoma
Pigment cells in the skin
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Leukemia and lymphoma
Blood forming tissues-lymphoid, plasma, bone marrow
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ABCD of a tumor
asymmetry, border, color, diameter
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Warning signs of cancer
change in bowel or bladder,a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding, thickening of lump in breast, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious change in wart or mole, nagging cough
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Most metastasis is
by the blood and lymph
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TNM
T=tumor, N-regional lymph nodes, M-distant metastasis
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Extravasation
Escape of fluid or blood from a blood vessel into body tissue
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CSFactors
stimulate the bone marrow to produce platelets, red and white blood cells
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Spleen
produces erythrocytes
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Cytokines
communicate with cells
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Leukemia
high WBC count, but immature and nonfunctioning cells
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Inflammatory process
series of cellular changes that signal the body�s response to injury or infection
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Cortisol
anti-inflammatory substance that slows release of histamine, prevents influx of leukocytes, stabilizes lysosomal membranes
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Invasion by microorganisms, multiplication of invading organisms and resulting tissue damage
infections-infection is a specific process
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Chain of infection
Causative agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transfer, portal of entry, mode susceptible host
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Infections caused by the treatment given to the patient
iatrogenic infection
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