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- Balantidium coli
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Ciliophora. Ciliate Disease: Balantidiasis
- Location in host: Colon
- Life cycle: Direct transmission by ingestion of cyst stageLife stage: Trophozoite and Cyst
- Diagnosis: demonstration of parasite in feces!
- Trophozoite Cyst cyst wall
- • large, ovoid, measuring50-200um
- • rapid rotary movement by cilia
- • Cytostome- mouth; a deepdepression in anterior end
- • 2 nuclei: a kidney bean-shaped macronucleus,and a micronucleus
- • cytoplasm may contain numerous vacuoles
- • spherical to oval shaped
- • 50-70um • cilia not often visible
- • thick cyst wall
- • 2 nuclei: kidney bean-shaped macronucleus and a micronucleus
- • food and contractile vacuoles may be present Macronucleus
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- Giardia lamblia
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Flagellate.
- Disease: Giardiasis
- Location in host: Small intestine Life cycle:
- Direct transmission by ingestion of cyst stage
- Life stage: Trophozoite and CystDiagnosis: by demonstration of parasite in feces
- Trophozoite Cyst
- • pear shaped, 10-20um
- • falling leaf motility
- • bilaterally symmetrical
- • 2 nuclei with central karyosome; noperipheral chromatin
- • 2 sucking discs, 8 flagella, axoneme
- • ovoid, 8-19um
- • nuclei w/ central karyosome, no peripheralchromatin
- • mature cysts have 4 nuclei; immature have 2
- • visible axoneme
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- Chilomastix mesnili
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Flagellate.
- Disease: Non-pathogenic
- Location in host: Primarily large intestine, but may occur in small intestine.
- Life cycle: Direct transmission by ingestion of cyst stage.
- Life stages: Trophozoite and Cyst
- Diagnosis: demonstration of parasite in feces. Trophozoite Cyst
- • pear shaped, 6-24um
- • uninucleate with large karyosome situated centrally or against nuclear membrane;peripheral chromatin evenly distributed
- • prominent cytostome may extend up to 1/2 of body
- • lemon shaped, 7-9um
- • uninucleate with largekaryosome; peripheral chromatin
- • anterior hyaline knob
- • cytostome (mouth)
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- Dientamoeba fragilis
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Flagellate.
- Disease: Non-pathogenic but may cause diarrhea and abdominal discomfort.
- Location in host: Colon Life cycle: Direct transmission by ingestion of trophozoite stage, or transmission within some helminth eggs
- Life stage: Trophozoite onlyDiagnosis: Demonstration of trophozoite in feces.
- • amoeboid shape, 5-15um
- • most have 2 nuclei, some have 1nucleus;
- • central karyosome is in a cluster of granules (“fragmented” karyosome)
- • no peripheral chromatin
- • cytoplasm: may be granular, vacuolated,and contain debris, bacteria or yeast
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- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Flagellate.
- Disease: Vaginal trichomoniasis in females; may cause infections of the prostate and epididymis in males
- Location in host: Vaginal mucosal surface; Prostate gland, seminal vesicles Life cycle: Direct transmission of trophozoite during sexual intercourseLife stage: Trophozoite only
- Diagnosis: demonstration of parasite in vaginal secretions, scrapings, urethral discharge, urine flagella undulating membrane nucleus
- • pyriform shape, 7-23um
- • jerky movement
- • 4 anterior flagella
- • undulating membrane extends to 1/2 of body
- • large nucleus at anterior end axostyle
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- Naegleria species
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Amoeba.
- Disease: Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
- Location in host: Brain and CSF Life cycle: external environment, water --> nares -->brainLife stage: Trophozoite (and cyst in nature only)
- Diagnosis: demonstration of parasite in CSF and brain tissue nucleus w/ largekaryosome
- • amoeboid, 10-20um
- • blunt pseudopodia
- • cytoplasm: granular, vacuolated
- • large nucleus with large centralkaryosome, no peripheral chromatin
- • trophozoites may have >2 nuclei
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- Acanthamoeba species
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Amoeba.
- Disease: Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis; Acanthamoeba keratitisLocation in host: Brain, skin, eye, lungs Life cycle: external environment --> parasite enters skin lesions/ inhalation of cystLife stage: Trophozoite and Cyst
- Diagnosis: demonstration of parasite in brain tissue or skin lesions, and corneal scrapings Trophozoite Cyst
- • free living in nature
- • 20-40 um
- • slender acanthopodia
- • cytoplasm: granular, vacuolated
- • 1 large nucleus with central karyosome, noperipheral chromatin
- • 12-20 um
- • double wall: wrinkled outer wall (exocyst,) smoother inner wall (endocyst)
- • uninucleate with large karyosome
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- Entamoeba hartmanii
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Amoeba.
- Disease: Non-pathogenic
- Location in host: Lumen of colon and cecum. Life cycle: Direct transmission by ingestion of cyst
- Life stage: Trophozoite and Cyst
- Diagnosis: Demonstration of parasite in feces Trophozoite Cyst nucleus w/ smallcentrally locatedkaryosome
- • 8-10um
- • uninucleate; small, central karyosome
- • fine, evenly distributed peripheral chromatin
- • cytoplasm: finely granular, may contain bacteria
- • non-directional movement
- • 5-10um
- • mature cysts have 4 nuclei, immature have 1 or 2.
- • maximum 4 nuclei
- • nucleus have small discrete karyosome • chromatoid bodies: elongated, blunt
1. Typical of E. histolytica and E. hartmanii: Small central karyosome with evenly distributed peripheral chromatin
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- Entamoeba histolytica
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Amoeba.
- Disease: Amoebiasis.
- Location in host: Lumen of colon and cecum;
- Tissue: colon, extraintestinal Life cycle: Direct transmission by ingestion of cyst stageLife stage: Trophozoite and Cyst
- Diagnosis: by demonstration of parasite in feces, or histologic specimens Trophozoite Cyst
- • 10-60um (invasive forms bigger than noninvasive)
- • progressive, explosive motility
- • uninucleate w/ small compact karyosome(usu. central, may be eccentric)
- • peripheral chromatin: fine, evenly distributed
- • cytoplasm: may be vacuolated, contain bacteriaand RBCs
- • 10-20um
- • up to 4 nuclei
- • nucleus: small central karyosome
- • peripheral chromatin: fine, evenly distributed
- • chromatoid bodies: elongated, rounded
- • may contain glycogen vacuoles
1. Typical of E. histolytica and E. hartmanii: Small central karyosome with evenly distributed peripheral chromatin
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- Entamoeba coli
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Amoeba.
- Disease: Non-pathogenic.
- Location in host: Lumen of colon and cecum.
- Life cycle: Direct transmission by ingestion of cyst stage.
- Life stage: Trophozoite and Cyst.Diagnosis: Demonstration of parasite in feces. Trophozoite Cyst
- • 15-50um
- • sluggish movement/non-directional
- • single nucleus with large, non-compact karyosome
- • karyosome usually eccentric
- • peripheral chromatin: coarse granules, irregulardistribution • cytoplasm: coarsely granular, vacuolated, contains bacteria, yeast, debris
- • 10-35um
- • spherical or oval
- • up to 8 nuclei
- • same nuclear characteristics as trophozoite,but may not be as well defined
- • chromatoid bodies: elongated, splintered ends
2. Typical of E. coli: large, eccentric karyosome with uneven peripheral chromatin.
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- Endolimax nana
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Amoeba.
- Disease: Non-pathogenic
- .Location in host: Lumen of colon and cecum.
- Life cycle: By ingestion of cyst stage.Life stage: Trophozoite and Cyst
- Diagnosis: Demonstration of parasite in feces. Trophozoite Cyst
- • 6-12um
- • sluggish movement
- • single nucleus with large, irregular-shapedkaryosome
- • no peripheral chromatin
- • cytoplasm: coarsely granular, may contain vacuoles and bacteria
- • 5-10um
- • spherical, ellipsoidal
- • up to 4 nuclei
- • nucleus: distinct karyosome, no peripheral chromatin
- • chromatoid bodies: absent
3. Typical of E. nana: large karyosome with no peripheral chromatin
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- Iodamoeba species
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Amoeba.
- Disease: Non-pathogenic.
- Location in host: Lumen of colon and cecum.
- Life cycle: Transmission by ingestion of cyst stage.
- Life stage: Trophozoite and Cyst.
- Diagnosis: Demonstration of parasite in feces. Trophozoite Cyst
- • 8-20um
- • sluggish, non-progressive movement
- • single nucleus with large central karyosome(may be surrounded by achromatic granules)
- • peripheral chromatin: absent
- • cytoplasm: coarsely granular, vacuolated, may contain bacteria, yeast, debris
- • may resemble E. nana, but 2x bigger
- • 5-20um
- • spherical, ellipsoidal
- • only 1 nucleus, large karyosome
- • peripheral chromatin: absent
- • compact mass of glycogen vacuole glycogenvacuole
4. Typical of Iodamoeba species: large central karyosome surrounded with achromatic granules;no peripheral chromatin.
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- Blastocystis hominis
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Disease: Non-pathogenic but may cause abdominal discomfort and diarrhea.
- Location in host: Intestinal tract.
- Life cycle: unknown
- Life stage: Cyst. Trophozoite stage unknown.
- Diagnosis: Demonstration of cyst stage in feces.
- • spherical, 6-35um
- • large central body (visuallyresembling a vacuole)
- • narrow rim of cytoplasmcontaining nuclei
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- Plasmodium falciparum
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Apicomplexa. Malaria. Disease: Falciparum or malignant tertian malaria.
- Location in host: Ring stages and Gametocytes in peripheral RBCs; growing Trophozoites and Schizonts in visceral blood; Exoerythrocytic bodies in hepatic parenchymal cells
- Life stages: Ring forms, Trophozoite, Gametocyte, SchizontIncubation period: 8-20 days
- Diagnosis: Demonstration of parasite stages in RBCs. Requires a Giemsa Stain.
- Most pathogenic of all human malarias
- Red Blood Cell: normal in size
- A ring form showing characteristic!
- A typical gametocyte (“banana” shape);!
- A schizont accolé form. Multiple infection a blood cell with a ring form and a growing common! trophozoite inside
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- Plasmodium malariae
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Apicomplexa. Malaria. Disease: Quartan malaria
- .Location in host: Trophozoites, Schizonts, and Gametocytes in RBCs; Exoerythrocytic bodies in hepatic parenchymal cells
- Life stages: Ring form, Trophozoite, Schizont, Gametocyte
- Incubation period: 28-69 days
- Diagnosis: Demonstration of parasite stages in RBCs. Requires a Giemsa stain.Much lower prevalance of infection than P. falciparum and P. vivax
- Red Blood Cell: normal or 3/4 smaller in size
- A ring form Band-form Trophozoite Mature Schizont, “rosette-like”Gametocyte formation of merozoites
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- Plasmodium vivax
- Classification: Protozoa. Phylum Apicomplexa. Malaria. Disease: Vivax or benign tertian malaria.Location in host: Trophozoites, Schizonts, and Gametocytes in RBCs; Exoerythrocytic bodies in hepatic parenchymal cells
- Life stages: Ring forms, Trophozoites, Gametocytes, SchizontsIncubation period: 10-17 days
- Diagnosis: Demonstration of parasite stages in RBCs. Requires a Giemsa stain.
- Red Blood Cell: normal to enlarged, and distorted. Schüffner’s dots may be seen in Giemsa-stained smears.
- A Ring form; a RBC withSchüffner’s stippling showing a young trophozoite Trophozoite in a RBCwith light stippling Mature Schizont Mature Gametocyte
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