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What percent of microorganisms are pathogens?
3%
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What does it mean when microorganisms are ubiquitous?
they are everywhere
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What are normal flora?
- normal microbiota
- good bacteria and microorganisms
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What are nomally expected to be present in the body?
normal flora
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What benefits the body by making vitamins, competes with pathogens, and digests for the body?
normal flora
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What are nomal flora that would make a person ill under special circumstances?
opportunists
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What are different versions of microorganisms called?
strains
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What 3 factors influence development of infectious disease?
- how pathogenic the organism is
- how many pathogens are present
- strength of host's immune system
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What group of patients are at a higher risk of infection?
young, old, immunosuppressed
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What 3 shapes of bacteria are we studying?
coccus, bacillus, and spiral forms
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What shape do coccus bacteria form?
round
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What type of bacteria are usually found in groups?
coccus
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What are two coccus found together?
diplococcus
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What is a chain of coccus shaped bacteria?
staphylococcus
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What shape do bacillus bacteria form?
rod
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How are bacillus shaped bacteria often found?
alone
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What is a pair of bacillus called?
diplobacillus
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What is a chain of bacillus bacteria called?
streptobacillus
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What is a round-rod shaped bacteria called?
coccobacillus
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What are 3 types of spiral formed bacteria?
- spirillum
- spirochete
- vibrio
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What spiral formed bacteria has axial fillaments?
spirochete
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What type of bacteria is Lyme disease and syphallis?
spirochete
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What is the glycocalx structure of bacteria known as?
capsule
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What helps some bacteria attach to a surface?
glycocalx "capsule"
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What allows streptococcus mutans to adhere to the teeth?
glycocalx capsule
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What is the formation of plaque known as?
biofilm
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What stops phagoyctosis of bacteria?
glycocalx capsule
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What do axial filaments do in bacteria?
allow movement
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How many flagella can bacteria have?
1-100
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What is flagella an extension of?
the cell's membrane
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What are the two different pili of bacteria?
- attachment pili
- conjugation pili
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What is another name for the attachment pili?
fimbriae
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What do conjugation pili of bacteria do?
attach one bacteria to another to share DNA
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What is the bacteria cell wall made of?
peptidoglycan - protein and sugar
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What does the cell wall of bacteria do?
- protect it from outside organisms
- protect it from bursting so it can swell with nurients and water
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What are the three types of cell wall bacteria can have?
- gram positive
- gram negative
- acid fast
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What type of bacteria cell wall is thick and layered mesh of peptidoglycan?
gram positive
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What type of bacterial cell wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane?
gram negative
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What type of bacteria cell wall has a thin layer of petidoglycan surrounded by thick wax layers?
acid fast
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Do all bacteria have a cell wall?
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What 3 structures are found inside all bacteria?
cell membrane and cytoplasm and ribosomes
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What is made of a phospholipid bilayer?
cell membrane
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What 5 things are found in bacteria's cytoplasm?
- fluid, ribosomes, nucleoid
- (sometimes plasmids, endospores)
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What are the 8 components of a gram negative bacteria?
- DNA/ RNA
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
- cell membrane
- Thin peptidoglycan
- outer membrane with lipopolysacharrides and porinproteins
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What are the 4 compontents of a gram positive bacteria?
- DNA/ RNA
- cytoplasm and ribosomes
- cell membrance
- thick layer of peptidoglycan
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What are the 5 components of an acid fast bacteria?
- DNA/ RNA
- cytoplasm and ribosomes
- cell membrane
- thin peptidoglycan
- thick wax with porinproteins
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What are 2 names lipopolysaccharides are also called?
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What does a gram negative bacteria release into the blood tream when it dies?
endotoxins
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What are endotoxins made from?
lipopolysaccharides in outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
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What 2 things do porin proteins do?
- protect from harmful things/
- allow good things into the bacteria
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What 6 complications come from endotoxins in the blood stream?
- fever (brain damage)
- low BP
- swelling
- shock (due to interior blood vessel damage over-clotting, resulting in lack of blood flow and oxygen to the body)
- hemorraging
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What are hollow channels through the outer membrane on gram negative bacteria, and wax walls of acid fast bacteria?
porin proteins
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What type of bacteria is the most resistant to antibiotics, and why?
acid fast because porin proteins are so narrow
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What is a digestive enzyme called?
lysozyme
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Where are lysozymes found?
- in lysosomes
- excretions (urine, sweat, tears, etc)
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What digestive enzyme digests peptidoglycan(bacteria cell wall material)?
lysozyme
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What do our bodily excretions have in them to protect against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria?
lysozymes
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What are the characteristics of the bacterial cell membrane, cystoplasm, ribosomes, nuclear area, and DNA?
- cell membrane (semi permeable, phospholipid bilayer, selects passage of nutrients)
- cytoplasm (hypertonic with more solutes and water inside than out)
- ribosomes (synthesize protein)
- nuclear area (also called neucloid, contains DNA)
- DNA (genetic material for making bacteria, involved in reproduction)
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What are 2 differences between human cells and bacterial cells that antibiotics sometimes target?
- cell wall (peptidoglycan)
- ribosomes (10s smaller than our cell's)
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What 2 extra abilities might a plasmid give bacteria?
- antibiotic resistance
- exotoxin production
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What are 4 characteristics of plasmids?
- bacteria can have between 0-100
- plasmids smaller than DNA
- plasmids copied when binary fission occurs
- provides cell with extra abilities
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What are 2 groups of endospores?
Bacillus and Clostridium
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When are endospores a problem?
when bacteria's survival is challenged
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What do plasmids make that can be made by any microogranism, is excreted constantly when made, and causes different signs and symptoms?
exotoxins
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What is the 4-step process a bacteria goes through to become and endospore?
- bacteria is challenged
- bacteria copies DNA
- bacteria makes new cell wall around DNA within cell
- bacteria dies, endospore survives
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What is the process of an endospore becoming bacteria?
- conditions for bacteria are good
- endospore swells and becomes bacteria
- bacteria contninues binary fission
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