-
–titrant-
solution in the burette
-
atoms that lose electrons are being
oxidized
-
atoms that gain electrons are being
reduced
-
_blank_ show electron flow in reactions
Oxidation States
-
the numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a reaction is called
stoichiometry
-
the amount of product that can be made from the limiting reactant is called the
theoretical yield
-
Molarity
= moles / liter = M
-
materials that dissolve in water to form a solution that will conduct electricity are called
electrolytes
-
materials that dissolve in water to form a solution that will not conduct electricity are called
non-electrolytes
-
------------- dissolve completely as ions
strong electrolytes
-
------------ partially dissolve as ions
weak electrolytes
-
acids ------ when they dissolve in water
ionize
-
acids that ionize virtually 100% are called
strong acids
-
acids that only ionize a small percentage are called
weak acids--
-
Strong acids!
- Perchloraic acid HCLO4
- Nitric Acid HNO3
- Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
- Hydrochloric Acid HCl
-
the degree of solubility depends on the ---------
temperature
-
--------- predict whether precipitates form
solubility rules
-
------------------ produce an ionic compound that is water insoluble
precipitation reactions
-
-------- insoluble product from an ionic reaction
precipitate:
-
remember salt solubility rules.
C A S H n Gia
-
C A S H n Gia
- "Cashin' Gia"...how to remember that? well the story is...im a
- pimp...and gia is my hoe, and i need to get my cash from her.
- hence...Cashing from gia.
-
C A S H n Gia
C is clorates, A is acetates (C2H3O2–), S is sulfates, H is halogens, n is Nitrates, and Gia is Group I A metals.
-
THESE ARE ALL SOLUBLE, XCEPT
for S:
Ca, Ba, Sr.....just remember the tv network CBS
(S was sulfates)
-
THESE ARE ALL SOLUBLE, XCEPT for H:
for H: Ca, Ba, Sr + Happy...whats happy? Hb Ag Pb ...mercury, silvr and lead...add a py to the end and all the first letters spell HAPPY
(H was halogens)
-
Ask someone about this
–aqueous
strong electrolytes are written as ions
–insoluble
substances, weak electrolytes, and non-electrolytes written in molecular form
-
ions that are both reactants and products are called
spectator ions
-
•an ionic equation in which the spectator ions are
removed is called
a net ionic equation (NIE)
-
Acid-Base Reactions
- neutralization reactions (end up neutral)
- 2 H2O(l) (makes WATER)
-
the net ionic equation (NIE) for an acid-base reaction is
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) -----> H2O(l)
- as long as the salt that forms is soluble
- in water
-
as long as the salt that forms is soluble
in water if not, you must...
- –must include precipitate in NIE
- –Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) +SO42-(aq) ----->
- 2H2O(l) + BaSO4(s)
-
Common Bases- Memorize These!
NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2 ,NaHCO3 ,Mg(OH)2 ,NH4 OH
-
•often in the lab, a solution’s concentration is determined by reacting it with another material and using stoichiometry – this process is called
titration
-
•in the titration, the unknown solution is added to a known amount of another reactant until the reaction is just completed, at this point, called the...
called the endpoint, the reactants are in their stoichiometric ratio
-
titration–the unknown solution is added slowly from
an instrument called a
burette
-
•number of moles H+ = the number of moles OH- is aka the
–aka the equivalence point (END POINT)
–pH theoretically about 7
-
Gas Evolving Reactions
- Decomposition of one of the ion exchange
- products into a gas and water
K2SO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) ----> K2SO4(aq) + H2SO3(aq) H2SO3(aq) ------> H2O(l) + SO2(g)
-
Oxidation and Reduction
atoms that lose electrons are being oxidized, atoms that gain electrons are being reduced
-
reactions where electrons are transferred from one atom to another are
redox reactions
-
------ show electron flow in reactions
•Oxidation States
- –More positive (electrons leave element)
- –More negative (electrons added to
- element)
-
2 Na(s) +Cl2(g) ---->2 NaCl(s)
REDOX without Combustion
-
2 H2(g) + O2(g) --->2 H2O(g)
- REDOX COMBUSTION REACTIONS
- Combustion as Oxidation/Reduction
-
Combustion Products
CO2 and H2O generally formed
study chart
-
combination of each element with oxygen
- (Hydrocarbons contain only Carbon and Hydrogen!)
- C-CO2 (g)
- H-H2 O (g)
- S- SO2 (g)
- N- NO (g) or NO2 (g)
- Metal- M2 On (s)
-
the sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms in a compound is 0 (except for
aqueous ions!)
|
|
