Bio Sat2 ch3

• Adenosine triphosphate:
• Adenosine bonded to three phosphate molecules.
• ATP creats the energy to fuel the cell's processes

• Breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate in ATP.
• This releases stored energy.
• ATP + hydrolyze = ADP and a phosphate.

• Adenosine diphosphate
• The end product of energy release from an ATP molecule.
• Adenosine bonded to two phosphate molecules.

• How energy is stored.
• Takes and gives up electrons to transport energy.
• The most common are:
• NAD⁺ and FAD

When an electron carrier accepts a pair of electrons.

Ex: NAD⁺ + H⁺ ==^2e-== NADH

When an electron carrier gives up electrons.

• The splitting of Glucose
• The first step in cellular respiration.
• Happens in the cytoplasm.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 2 ATP + 2 NAD⁺ = 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH

• Half of glucose.
• One of the end-products of glycolysis.

• Without oxygen.
• Glycolysis is an anaerobic process.

• Requiring oxygen.
• PDC, the Krebs cycle, and Electron transfer/oxidative phosphorylation are aerobic processes.

• Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
• The second step in cellular respiration.
• A group of enzymes.
• Designed to remove one carbon atom from pyruvate, to prepare it for the Krebs cycle.
• In the matrix of the mitochondria

Pyruvate-------> NADH + Acetyl Co-A + Removed CO₂

The enzyme in the PDC which attaches to the remaining two-carbon structure (after one carbon is removed from the pyruvate).

• Combines Acetyl CO-A with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.
• Works by breaking down citric acid one carbon at a time.
• In the matrix of the mitochondria.

Acetyl Co-A + oxaloacetic acid = oxaloacetic acid, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP and CO_2.

• Synonymous with Krebs cycle.
• Called this because citric acid is broken down during the cycle.

• Done to return the electron carries (NADH and FADH₂) to there oxidized state.
• The electron carriers pass on there electrons to a chain of carrier molecules and finish at oxygen.
• The end product is water.
• Inner mitochondrial membrane.

• Uses energy from electrons to make ATP.
• Inner mitochondrial membrane.

This refers to oxygen because at the end of electron transport oxygen accepts the electrons to form water.

• Where Electron transport occurs.
• The Mitochondria is double-membraned, and during elctron transport the H⁺ ions are pumped out to the space in between membranes.

• The Protein that transports the H⁺ ions back into the matrix of the mitochondria.
• Inside this protein energy is used to phosphorylate an ADP into an ATP.

• Regenerating electron carriers in the absence of oxygen.
• Produces Lactic acid in muscle, and produces Ethanol and CO₂ in yeast.