Chapter 6

When biologists wish to
study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest
resolution by using

The advantage of light
microscopy over electron microscopy is that

A primary objective of cell fractionation is to

In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines
whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet
is

Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the
pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a
centrifuge?

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be used to fluorescently label a specific protein in cells by
genetically engineering cells to synthesize the target protein fused to GFP.
What is the advantage of using GFP fusions to visualize specific proteins,
instead of staining cells with fluorescently labeled probes that bind to the
target protein?

What is the reason that a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the subnanometer
level, as opposed to tens of nanometers achievable for the best
super-resolution light microscope?

What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?

What are not parts of a prokaryotic cells?

The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is
that

A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter between 0.1 and 1.0 µm. What does the organism's size tell you about how it might be classified?

What is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?

Bacteria and Archaea cells differ how?

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

If radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) is added to a culture of rapidly growing
bacterial cells, where in the cell would you expect to find the greatest concentration of radioactivity?

Centrosomes are absent in?

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following
molecules?

The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect
to be the most likely consequence?

Recent evidence shows that when chromosomes decondense during interphase, their DNA molecules do not intermingle. Instead, they occupy distinct territories within the nucleus.
Considering the structure and location of the following structures, which is most likely to be involved in chromosome location?

A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and
steroids?

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Describe its polarity.

The fact that the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope has bound ribosomes allows one to most
reliably conclude that

The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?

Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on...?

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming
clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is
primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?

What produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

What organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes?

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

Which organelle is the
primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in

In a plant cell, DNA may be found

The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells?

One of the key innovationsin the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system. What eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system?

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and
mitochondria. It could be a cell from

Which type of organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells - Ribosomes, Mitochondria, nuclei, or plastids?

Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?

In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and

How does the cell multiply its peroxisomes?

Motor proteins provide formolecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular
structures?

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?

The smallest cell structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope is

Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of
microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules?

Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer.
Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to

The differences among the three categories of cytoskeletal elements outlined in the table above would suggest that each of the following has specialized roles. This suggests?

Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and
arrangements. What arises from the centrioles?

If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction?

Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to

In the cytoskeleton, movement of cilia and flagella is the result of

Cells require which organelle to form cilia or flagella?

Microtubules, microfilaments, plant cell walls, intermediate filaments, and nuclear lamina all determine and maintain the structure of a plant cell. Which is distinct from the others in composition?

What do the cell walls of plants and the extracellular matrix of animal cells have in common?

The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. What characteristic is common in all of them?

When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root, it must pass through several cellular structures.
Describe the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion

A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its

The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via...?

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which structures in animal cells?

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through

Which of the following makes it necessary for animal cells, although they have no cell walls, to have intercellular junctions?

Recent evidence shows that signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) can regulate the expression of genes in the cell nucleus. A likely mechanism is that

Signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton may be transmitted by

ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?

What types of proteins are not synthesized in the rough ER?

Which of the trees in this figure groups the domains according to similarities in cellular size and architecture?

A biologist wants specifically to examine the surfaces of different types of cells in kidney
tubules of small mammals. The cells in question can be distinguished by:
-external shape
-size
-3-D characteristics.
What is the best method to go about her study?

A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that a very inexpensive microscope available for a small
child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the much more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference?

A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the
organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, whereas organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain, respectively

-nuclear envelope
-chloroplast
-Golgi apparatus
-plasma membrane
-ER

Which structure is not part of the endomembrane
system?

-chloroplast
-wall made of cellulose
-central vacuole
-mitochondrion
-centriole

Which is in both plant and animal cells?

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?
-mitochondrion
-ribosome
-nuclear envelope
-chloroplast
-ER

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most
of the cyanide will be found within the

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

Which cell would be best for studying lyosomes?

Name the function of each structure:
-Nucleolus
-Lysosome
-Ribosome
-Golgi
-Microtubule