A&P Ch2

Movement of a chemical by the use of energy through a gradient, such as a cell membranem in concentration or electrical potential. This movement is opposite the normal movement by diffusion

The major source of energy for all chemical reactuins of the body

A type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of fat

The anterior surface at the bend of the elbow

Area of the neck that is bordered by the sternocleidomastiod muscle, the anterior midline of the neck and the inferior border of the mandible

A division of the skeletal system, which includes the extemities and their attachments to the body

A division of the skeletal system, which includes the head, neck, and trunk

The armpit

A component of the nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell body

The noncellular layer in an epithelial cell that secures the overlying epithelial tissues

Hollow areas within the body that contain organs and organ systems

Striated involuntary muscle that has the capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses

Area of the anterior triangle of the neck that contains the catotid artey and internal jugular vein

Plates of shiny connective tissue that are lubricated by synovial fluid, which provides a slippery surface over which the bones may move freeely

A srtucture that surrounds protoplasm, consisting of the fatty substances that separate one cell from its neighbors; also called the plasma membrane

Made up of protoplasm or cytoplasm, specialized for particular functions, these are the building blocks of life

Orgnaelles that are essential in cell division

Structures containing DNA within the cell's nucleus. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes

Hair-like microtubule projections on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface

A fluid-filled body cavity that contains organs and connective tissue

Rows of tall thin epithelial cells

The difference in concentrations of a substance on either side of a selectively permeable membrane

The hollow portion of the skull

Shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis

Rows of square-shaped epithelial cells

A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a meduim for intracellular transport; also called protoplasm

A component of the nerve cell that receives electrical impulses and conducts them toward the cell body

The genetic material found on the chromosomes in the cell's nucleus

Sweating

Movement of particles or solutes from an area of high concentration to low conventration

The two sets of 23 chromosomes, one set donated by each parent, found in all cells, except sperm and ova cells, which only contain a total of 23 chromosomes

Potentially life-threatening heart rhythm disturbances

Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved ina solvent (ie, water). Chemicals disolved in the the blood

Negativvely charged particles that are part of the make-up of an atom

the smallest unit of a single chemical substance, such as hydrogen, oxygen, or potassium

The uptake of material through the cell membrane bu a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formes within the cell's protoplasm

A series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured

The release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesiciles

Substances located outside of the cell membrane

Fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the body's supply of soduim is contained

Process whereby a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration

A process of the movement of water out of plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space

A tail-like microtubule structure capable of motion to propel the cell.

Areas in the infant's skull where the sutures between the skull bones have not yet closed

Bony structures that attach the limbs to the body

A set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins

The 23 chromosomes found in a sperm or ova cell

An abnormal accumulation of bloody fluid within the pleural cavity following trauma

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiologic environment

Blood pressure in the vessel walls created by the heart beating pushes the water out of the capilary into the interstitial space

Abnormal elevation of serum potassuim levels

An abnormally high sodium level in the blood

A diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in marked hyperglycemia but the absence of ketones and acidosis

A solution with an osmotic pressure greater than that of body fluid (ie, a cell placed in the solution will shrink).

A state of decreased oxygenation

Skin, the covering of the body surface

Substances, such as the organelles that are found inside the cell membrane

Fluid within cells in which most if the body's supply of potassuim is contained

Not normally under conscious control, as in muscle

Protein-lined pores or transport channels, specifically sized for each substance, which allow electrolyte movements amoung the cells

A solution that has the same osmotic pressure as the cells and body fluids, (ie, a cell placed in the solution will neither shrink not swell).

The point where two or more bones come together allowing movement to occur

A sequence of reactions in an organism in which oxidation of acids provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds (as in ATP); also called the tricarbocxlic acid cycle

Tough white bands of tissue that bind joints together, connecting bones to cartilage

the double later of fatty components that creat the outside of the cell membrane

The process of disintergration or or breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis

Membrane-bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes functioning as a cell's digestive system

The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels

A specialized form of cell division that results in the production of mature sperm and ova

Hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of the cell

Small rod-like organelles that function as the merabolic center of the cell and produce ATP

The division of one cell into two geneically identical and equal daughter cells

Abnormal and persistent muscle spasms

Collectively, the name for the connective and supporting tissuesj of the nervous tissue

The main functional unit of the nervous system

Uncharged particles that are part of the make up of an atom

Smooth muscle tissue

The membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell

Rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins

The nerve center, or central body, of the cell, embedded within the protoplasm

An opposing pressure to hydostatic pressure, it pulls water back into the capillary from the interstitial space in an effort to create balance

Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function

The internal structures within the cell

Any living thing considered as a whole, made up of various organ systems

A group of organs that have a common purpose, such as the skeleton and muscles, circulatory, and respiratory systems, amoung others

The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane

The measure of the tendancy of water to move by osmosis across a membrane

Process in which oxygen is used chemically to produce energy from carbohydrates

The portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavitites

The region around the heart

An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac

The fluid-filled potential space between the layers of the pericardium

A condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restricts the heart's stroke volume

The serous membranes that surround the heart

The membrane that covers the bones of the skull and all other bones, except at articular surfaces

The nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body by exiting between the vertebrae of the spine

An inflammation of the peritoneum

Endocytosis involving solid particles

Endocytosis involving liquid

Serous membranes surrounding the lungs

An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity

An abnormal accumulation of air within the plaural cavity

The space behind the knee

Area of the neck containing the lymph nodes, brachial plexus, spinal accessory nerve, and a portion of the subclavian artery

Positively charged particles that are part of the make-up of an atom

A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structues and provides a meduim for intracellular transport; also called cytoplasm

A single later of epithelail cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane, but all do not reach the free surface

Replacing dead cells with new cells on an ongoing basis

The organs (kidneys, pancreas, and duodenum) and major blood vessels located in the retroperitoneal space

Area locared posterior to the parieral peritoneum that contain the kidnets, pancreas, duodenum, and major blood vessels

Nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components and are associated with controlling cellular activities

Organelles that contain RNA and protein

Allowing some but not all substances to pass through a membrane to maintain homeostasis

A specialized form of thin connective tissue that is broken into two layers: the parietal portion and the visceral portion

The number of osmotically active particles in serum

A single later of cells, all of which are in contact with the besment membrane of the pithelial cell

Striated vountary muscle used to move the body parts

The 206 bones that form the foundation of and frame of the body

the protective vault that houses the brain and is composed of the cranium and facial bones

Nonstriated involuntart muscle found in vessle walls, glands, and the GI tract

A mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells

Particles, such as salts, that are dissolved in a solvent

The spinal column or vertbral canal, housing the spinal cord

Microtubules radiating from the centrioles

Flat sheets of epithelial cells

More than one layer of cells, only one of which is in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell

Muscle tissue that has microscopic bands and may be either voluntary, such as leg muscles, or involuntary, such as cardiac muscle

Lubricating fluid found in a joint

A rapid respiratory rate

Tough cords or bands of dense white fibrous connective tissue that are continuous with the periosteum of the bone

Groups of similar cells that work together

Laters of straitified cells that change shape from cuboidal to squamous when the organ is stretched

The navel

The backbone, composed of the vertebrae, through which the spinal cord travels

The portion of a serous membrane that covers the outside of an internal organ

Consciously controlled, as in skeletal muscle tissue