Long-run Average Total Cost (ATC) falls as the quantity of output increases.
Efficiency Wages
Above Equilibrium wages paid by firms to increase worker productivity.
*workers work harder because they know plenty of other people are waiting to take their job*
Efficient Scale
The quantity that minimizes Average Total Cost (ATC)
* This is where most firms produce*
Elaticity
The measure of responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its detriments
Equity
The way of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society
Excludability
A good a person can be prevented from using
Ex: A ride at 6 flags
Explicit Cost
Input cost that require an actual outlay of money ignored to be obtained by a firm
Exports
Goods produced domestically and sold abroad.
*Entertainment is a major American Export*
Factors of Production
Inputs used to produce goods and services.
Ex: Cloth is a factor of production in producing shirts.
Fixed Cost
Cost that do not vary depending on the quantity being produced
Ex: If a firm rents a factory weather they make 2 cookies or 2000 cookies the price of rent will remain the same
Flat Tax
Flat Rate Tax = a tax with a constant tax rate
Free Rider
A Person who receives the benefit of a good but does not pay for it
Giffen Good
A good where an increase in price results in the increase of demand.
Ex: potatoes during the potato famine
*goes against the law of supply and demand*
Gini Coefficient
Is a measure of statistical dispersion developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini
Human Captial
The accumulation of investments in people
Ex: Education and job training increases a persons human capital
Implicit Costs
Input costs that don't require an actual outlay of money by the firm
Imports
Goods produces abroad and sold domestically
Income Effect
The change in consumption as a result of a price change that moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve
Indifference Curve
A curve that Shows consumption bundles that give a consumer the same level of satisfaction
Inferior Good
A good where an increase in income will result in a decrease of demand
In-kind Transfers
Transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash
Laffer Curve
A theoretical representation of the relationship between government revenue raised by taxation and all possible rates of taxation.
Laissez-faire Policy
Policy where the government is not involved in businesses
Lorenz Curve
Marginal Cost
The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of out put
Marginal rate of substitution
The rate at witch a consumer is willing to trade one good for another
Marginal Revenue
The change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
Marginal Revenue Product
The extra revenue brought in by an extra output
Market Failure
When a market left on its own efficiently allocate resources
Market Power
The ability for a firm or a small group of firms to have substantial influence on the market prices.
*Monopolies and collaborating Oligopolies can have market power*
Minimum Wage
The lowest hourly, daily or monthly wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers
Monopolistic Competition
A firm where many firms sell products that are identical or very similar.
Monopoly
A firm that is the sole seller of a product without any close substitutes.
Nash Equilibrium
A situation where participants interacting with each-other choose their best strategy given the strategy that all the others have chosen.
*Payoff matrix*
Negative Externality
An action of a product on consumers that imposes a negative side effect on a third party
Normal Good
A good where an increase in income results in an increase of demand.
Normative Statement
Claims that attempt to say how the world should be.
*Opinions*
Oligopoly
A market structure where only a few sellers offer a similar or identical products
*Can obtain market power*
OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an oil cartel of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela
Opportunity Cost
what ever must be given up in order to obtain something.
Pigovian (Corrective) Taxes
A tax designed to lead private decision makers to tale account of the social cost that arise from a negative externally
Positive Externality
An action of a product on consumers that imposes a positive side effect on a third party
Positive Statement
Claims that describe the world as it is
Price Ceiling
A legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.
Price Discrimination
A business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers
Price Elasticity of Supply
A measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.
* %change in quantity / %change in price*
Price Elasticity of Supply
A measure of how much the quantity supplyed of a good responds to a change in the price of that good
* %change in supply / %change in price*
Price Floor
A legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.
Prisoners' Dilemma
A "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to matin even when it is mutually beneficial.
Producer Surplus
Amount seller is paid for a good - Sellers cost of producing it
Ex: ASP=$100 SCP=$10 PS=$90
Production Possibilities Frontier
A graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production.
Profit
Total Revenue - Total cost
Ex: TR= $400 TC=$300 P= $100
Progressive Taxes
A tax where high income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than the low income payers do.
Property Rights
The ability of an individual to own and have control over a scares resource.
Proportional tax
A tax in which high and low income taxpayers pay the same fraction of their income.
Public Good
Goody that are not excludible or rival in consumption.
Ex: Fireworks
Regressive Tax
A tax in which high income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction that low income taxpayers.
Revenue
All the money brought in by the selling of a good.
Rivalry in Consumption
One persons use of the good diminishes other people's use.
Scarcity
The Limited nature of Society's resources.
Shortage
Quantity demanded is greater that quantity demanded.
Shutdown
A firm will Shut down when Marginal Revenue (MR) is lower than Average Total Cost (ATC).
Subsidy
A form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector.
Substitutes
Two goods where an increase in the price of one will result in an increase of demand for the other
Substitution Effect
The change in consumption that results when a price chance moves the consumer along a given indifference curve a point with a new marginal rate of substitution.
Sunk Cost
A Cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered.
Surplus
Quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.
Tariff
a Tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically
Tax Incidence
How the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.
Tax Wadge
The deviation from equilibrium price/quantity as a result of a taxation, which results in consumers paying more, and suppliers receiving less.
Tragedy of the Commons
A parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.
Transaction Costs
The cost that parties get when agreeing to and following through with an agreement.
Utility
A measure of happiness or satisfaction.
Variable Cost
Cost that do vary with the quantity of output produced
World Price
The rice of a good in the world market for that good.