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Development approaches 8
biological
behvior ecology
behavioral theory
social learning theory
cognitive-development theory
ecological theory
sociocultural theory
psychoanalytical perspective
biological approaches
charles darwin
natural selection
behavior ecology theory
species specific behaviors - evolved through natural selection
critical period - limited period of time during which learning occurs
learning theories
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
social learning theory
behavioral theory
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
developed by Pavlov
reflex response is associated with a new stimuus
operant conditioing
developed by Skinner
the frequency of an operant (spontaneous behavior) is controlled by its consequences
reinforcements
positive reinforcement
increases the frequency of behavior when they are applied
negative reinforcers
increases the frequency of behaviors when they are removed
strengthens a behavior because a negative condition is stopped or avoided as a consequence of the behavior
social learning theory
entirely new behaviors could be acquired almost immediately through observational learning
infants come to control not only their behavior but also the behavior of other people around them
social learning theory
4 processes involved in modeling
attention
retention
motor reproduction
reinforcement/motivation
cognitive development theory
Piaget - humans gradually come to acquire knowledge, construct it and use it
Piaget stressed that
children actively construct their own cognitive worlds
info is not just poured into their mids from the environment
cognitive development theory
the modification of schemes to make sense of new experiences
scheme
a pattern of action that organizes knowledge
3 processes used to adjust schemes
assimilation
accommodation
equilibration
ecological persepctive
Brofenbrenner
systems embedded within systems
microsystem
immediate family and close contacts
mesosystems
interactions of various systems with the microsystem
exosystem
institutions that indirectly effect the development of the child
sociocultural perspective
Vygotsky
focus on transmition of info and cognitive skills from generation to generation
learning consists of social engagement from a more skilled person to a lesser skilled individual
zine of proximal development
range of tasks that a chid can carry out with the help of a more skilled person
scaffolding
problem solving methods such as cues provided to the chold to increase independent functioning
infantile amnesia
the inability to have memories of infant experiences
no memories before 2
a few btw 2-4
most after 5
psychoanalytical perspective
Freud
included
: unconscious mind, psychosexual stages and defense mechanisms
Author
shanamd2010
ID
133902
Card Set
302 1 Infancy
Description
HDF 302
Updated
2012-02-09T03:32:30Z
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