302 1 Infancy

• biological
• behvior ecology
• behavioral theory
• social learning theory
• cognitive-development theory
• ecological theory
• sociocultural theory
• psychoanalytical perspective

• charles darwin
• natural selection

• species specific behaviors - evolved through natural selection
• critical period - limited period of time during which learning occurs

• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning
• social learning theory

• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning
• reinforcement

• developed by Pavlov
• reflex response is associated with a new stimuus

• developed by Skinner
• the frequency of an operant (spontaneous behavior) is controlled by its consequences
• reinforcements

increases the frequency of behavior when they are applied

• increases the frequency of behaviors when they are removed
• strengthens a behavior because a negative condition is stopped or avoided as a consequence of the behavior

• entirely new behaviors could be acquired almost immediately through observational learning
• infants come to control not only their behavior but also the behavior of other people around them

• attention
• retention
• motor reproduction
• reinforcement/motivation

Piaget - humans gradually come to acquire knowledge, construct it and use it

• children actively construct their own cognitive worlds
• info is not just poured into their mids from the environment

the modification of schemes to make sense of new experiences

a pattern of action that organizes knowledge

• assimilation
• accommodation
• equilibration

• Brofenbrenner
• systems embedded within systems

immediate family and close contacts

interactions of various systems with the microsystem

institutions that indirectly effect the development of the child

• Vygotsky
• focus on transmition of info and cognitive skills from generation to generation
• learning consists of social engagement from a more skilled person to a lesser skilled individual

range of tasks that a chid can carry out with the help of a more skilled person

problem solving methods such as cues provided to the chold to increase independent functioning

• the inability to have memories of infant experiences
• no memories before 2
• a few btw 2-4
• most after 5

• Freud
• included: unconscious mind, psychosexual stages and defense mechanisms