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Bet a Carotine is a provitamin A carotenoid that the body can metabolize to form how many moleciles of retinal?
two
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Retinoic acid is needed for immature epithelial cells to become mature, this process is called:
cell differentiation
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In addition to it's function in maintaing protective barriers (skin andd intestinal lining and respiratory tract lining) another way in which Vitamin A functions in the immune system is through its requirment for the production of.....
lymphocytes
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Human epidemilogical studies suggest that the consumption of nonprovitamin A carotenoid___________ is related to a lower risk of prostate cancer
Lycopene
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No DRI's have been established for the carotenoids because
there is insufficient evidence to support their essentiality beyond the role as suppliers of vitamin A
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Some scientists consider vitamin D to be conditionally essential because..
Significan amounts can be synthesized in the body
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The form of vitamin D that comes from plant sources is:
ergocalciferol
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The precursor for the synthesis of cholecalciferol is:
Cholesterol
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Regardless of weather it is consumed in the diet or produced in the skin, cholecalciferol must be further metabolized before the body can use it. This is a two step process, the first of which occurs in the...
liver
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Vitamin D plays a critical role in cell differentiation by up regulating...
the genes responsible for specific proteins
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People who are recieveing coumadin should consume a diet that:
is relatively consistant in vitamin K content
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Preformed Vitamin A is typically found in what type of products?
Animal
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Parathyroid hormone stimulates the conversion of 25-(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 when...
calcium levels are low
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What is a major function of Vitamin E?
Protection of cell membranes from free radical damage
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Rickets is caused by what deficiency?
Vitamin D
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Which Vitamin has no UL?
Vitamin K
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Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine in the presence of _______ and ______
Bile and lipids
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What are the functions of Vitamin A and the carotenoids?
Regulating growth, reproduction, vision, immune function, gene expression, bone formation
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Vitamin A defiency can result in:
Blindness
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High vitamin A intakes can result in fetal____
malformations/ deformations
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Vitamin D is found in _______and to a lesser extent in _______
Fatty fish, plant foods
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The body can produce vitamin D from a______ _______
cholesterol metabolite
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The active form of Vitamin D (calcitrol) is also called:
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
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Vitamin E deficiency is rare but results in ______ and ______anemia
neuromuscular problems and hemolytic anemia
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Vitamin E toxicity is rare but results in:
bleeding
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Vitamin K refers to what 3 related compounds?
phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione
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Good sources of Vitamin K are: _____ ______ vegetables.
dark green
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Vitamin K is involved in calcium requiring reactions needed for ______ _______ and proper bone _______.
blood clotting, Mineralization
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