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sex
biological catergory (male/female) determined by your genetic makeup
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gender
the manifestation of sex; how you behave
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masculine
no dresses or skirts
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sexaul orientation
to whom you are attracted to sexually
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heterosexual
attracted to the opposite sex
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homosexual
attracted to the same sex
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bisexual
attracted to both sexes
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2 spirit people
those people who are gay in tribes; they can perform as males or females in the tribe
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master status trait
characteristic that the person becomes known by; first thing you think of when you hear/see that person
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transexual
- someone changing over to another sex
- 1st stage: wanting to change
- 2nd stage: to act like a woman for a yr
- 3rd stage: start taking estrogen pills
- 4th stage: surgery
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hermaphrodite/intersex
have both male and female organs but not a complete set of either
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homophobia
- prejudice against homosexually
- *people get more upset over male homosexually than female homosexually (double standard)
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nature
were they born this way
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nuture
was it because of their environment or because of something that happened to them in the past
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recall studies
as an adult male homosexual what do they remember about their childhood
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gender non-conformity
not fitting in with their sex
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longitudinal studies
- get a group of people and follow them from young childhood or birth into their childhood
- *problems: some people die, people dont want to to it anymore, and it cost alot of money to follow someone for a lifetime
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twin studies
study identical (monozygotic) twins and raise them apart in different environments
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concordance rate
if you have a certain trait in one identical twin what is the chance its in the other one
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momozygotic
- identical twins; one egg splits into two
- concordance rate for homosexuality is about 66% or two thirds 2/3
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dyzygotic
- fraternal twins; two different eggs
- concordance rate for homosexuality is about 33%
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INAH3
- portion deep in the brain that is believed to be associated with sexual pleasure
- its about the same size in homosexual males and heterosexual women
- its much bigger in heterosexual males
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sperm donation
- when men donate sperm they keep the sperm in the sperm bank for 3 months to make sure it doesnt contain STD or AIDS
- get paid 50-75 dollars
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egg donation
eggs can not be frozwn because they have more water content. women have to go through medical test, family history, personality test, and sociology test.
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egg donation process
- ~have to give themselves shots for 3 or 4 days
- ~trigger shot releases 10-25 eggs
- ~they harvest eggs (take them out) through surgery
- ~paid 4000-5000 dollars
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Male infertility
can not produce children; not enough sperm count; can be caused by obesity
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Sperm count
100 million- 600 million; 100 make it to the eggs
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female infertility
disorder of ovulation; not enough estrogen; ovaries produce eggs every other month not every month; caused by obesity and eating disorders
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sperm motility
teh sperm does not move up the fallopian tube
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artificial insemination
how the sperm/eggs are implanted into the female
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Louise Brown, England 1978
first test tube baby; first to be born by in-vitro fertilization
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Surrogacy
a woman carries a baby for another woman
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In-vitro fertilization (IVF)
sperma nd egg are united in the lab and then implanted in the woman through surgery
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Ethical issues in ART
only people with money can have this done
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Baby M, 1980s
was born to a surrogate mother and she decided that she did not want to give up the baby
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cryogenics
frozen embroyos; to unite sperm and egg and freeze them
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advance directive
if i am unable to speak for myself then i want you to do this....
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women in their 60s
given hormones throughout a pregnancy so it is sustained
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octomom, 2008
a woman in california who already had 8 kids and got fertility treatments and had 8 more kids; she was poor and was already about to be kicked out of her home
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genetically modified (GM) potatoes
altaring the genectics of potatoes to have an extra crop. helps the community to become healthier
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Artificial womb, japan
seminulate the seminac fluid; used for premature babies to help them finish nurishing; how it can be abused is a woman feels that she is getting too big and wants her baby in the artifical womb and get it back later
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Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
refers specifically to when one or both genetic parents has a known genetic abnormality and testing is performed on an embryo to determine if it also carries a genetic abnormality
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Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
is a general term referring to methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means.
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