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The Method
- 1) start with 1 or more axioms
- 2) use logical reasoning to prove a more complex statement or proposition.
- 3) This statement then becomes an axiom in a way.
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Axiom
self evident statements, that are beyond dispute
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Euclid
Developed principles of plane geometry
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Aristotle
worked with other classical writers to understand other facets of the world.
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Eratosthenes
- using manual measurements
- earth is a spere- diameters within 1% and tilted on an axis for seasons
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Classic Civilization: Golden Age
- 1,000 yrs ago"most glorious city- bagdad.
- Arabic #'s, mathematics
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Renaissance
- -rediscovers knowledge
- -global exploration
- -Columbus test the"flat world theory" with Spain
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Sir Francis Bacon
- -mental baggage
- -Theater of the Mind
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Galileo Galilei
- -relationships between books and literacy
- -Application of observation and common sense
- -Falling Bodies: proved things fall at the same rate w/o external affairs
- -first to see venus
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Yohan Gutenberg
- influential millenium person
- -invented the movable type
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Copernicus
-question the 'church" theory about the eartch being the center of the univerese based on math
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Roman Inquisition
- Power struggle (scientist vs the church)
- galieo makes observation that the sun is the center of the unicerse and writes about it
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Linus Pauling
Vitamin C and The Common Cold (placebo)
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Paul Broca
measured brain capacity and intelligence
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Relative Density
- -determines whteher something floats or sinks
- Ice is less dense than water
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Density/ Temperature
- Temp ^ expansion (density decreases)
- Temp decreases - contraction (density increases)
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Geologicial Sequence
patterns of rocks that represent time
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Lithological Correlation
- matching up rock sequences
- works only over a short distance
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Greeks 3 Assumptions
- 1. Nothing Beyond Human Comprehension
- 2) Universer is A Machine
- 3) Unchangable
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William "Strata" Smith
- Canal and drainage projects
- Fossile collector of index/guide fossils
- Index guide: fossil found in specific layers
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Biostratigraphic Correlation
- study of rock layders
- classifying rock layers based on index layers
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Geological Time Scale (Smith)
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Cenozoic
- Youngest of 3 Eras
- Divided into 2 periods;
- Quaternary (younger)
- Tertiary (neogene and palegene) (older)
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Mesozoic
- 3 Periods
- Cretaceous: white marine chalk
- Jurassic: geographic location
- Triassic :3 rock layer sequence
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Paleozoic
- 6 Parts:
- Permian
- Carboniferous
- Devonian
- Silurian
- Ordovician
- Cambrain
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Radiogenic Dating
- Atomic #-atomic mass
- radioactivity- unstable isotopes emit radioactive material
- Isotopes- same # of protons, different # of neutrons
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Willard F. Libby
- Radioactive decay used as a clock
- WWII- Manhattan Project: produce bombs when new technology was created.
- Perfected Carbon 14 Dating
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Carbon 14 Dating
- Reference Count
- Given End Count
- 5730- half life of carbon 14
- Formula: refernce count/e until you get to Ending Count. Take that # and *5730 + age of reference sample
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Nuclear Fusion
make atoms really hot that they fuse together
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Ages
- Sun & Earth 4.6 Billion
- Solar System 5billion
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Nebular Hypothesis
- -Star fomation of gas rich clusters, rotating disks
- -collisions between gas molecules
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Inner Planets
- Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars- rock like
- -Asteroid Belt
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Outer Planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune - hydrogen, thick atmosphere
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Large Planets
- stable gases in atmosphere, cant obtain escape velocity
- easily hangs on to atmosphere
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Smaller Planets
- low amounts of gravity
- small, hot planets-lose gases easily
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