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the term used to describe the body's ability to acquire, convert, store, and utilize energy
bioenergetics
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the immediate source of energy for all cellular activities, including muscle contraction, is
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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in releasing it's energy, ATP is broken down into
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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the phospagen system is composed of
ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr)
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during exercise of all-out effort, stored ATP and PCr can sustain activity for
30 sec
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the nonoxidative system is sometimes referred to as the
anaerobic system because oxygen is not required for it to produce ATP
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in the anaerobic or nonoxidative system, what is used to produce ATP
carbohydrates (glucose and glycogen)
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in the anerobic system, the breakdown of carbs creates
lactic acid - lactate - which can contribute to muscle fatique as it accumulates
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the nonoxidative system is the main energy for working muscles from what times
30 sec to 3 minutes
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this ATP-producing pathway is also called the "aerobic" system because oxygen is required for it to proceed
oxidative system
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what is used to synthesize ATP in the oxidative system?
carbohydrates, lipids (fats) and limited proteins
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the metabolic by-products from oxidative phosphorylation are _____________ and _________ and have what effect on the working muscle?
water and carbon dioxide and have no fatiguing effects on working muscle
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activities lasting more than 3 minutes, with limited intensity, muscles rely on _____________ to produce ATP
oxidative metabolism
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what is the disadvantage of oxidative system?
slow in synthesizing ATP
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what happens if inadequate oxygen is available in nonoxidative system when the muscle is working?
lactate accumulation = the exerise intensity at which this occurs is at the anerobic threshold or the lactate threshold
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to increase the ATP production capacity in the oxidative system, an athlete should
endurance train = increase density of mitochondrial, by increasing the storage of energy substrates
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what type of muscle assists in regulation of blood flow to various parts of the body
smooth muscle
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what type of muscle is found most in the body
skeletal - nearly 50%
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whhat layer of connective tissue is found wrapped around each myodiber
endomysium
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type IIX myosin isoform correspond to what type of muscle fiber
type IIB - fast twitch with low oxidative potential
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exercise of high intensity and short duration - sprinting- mainly powered by which myofibers
type II
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what theory of muscle contraction explains how protein filaments
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