Anthropology ch3

three dimensional molecules that serve a wide variety of functions through there ability to bind to other molecules.

A structure (organelle) found in all eukaryotic cells. the nucleus contains chromosomes ( nuclear DNA)

structures made up of two or more atoms. Molecules can combine with other molecules to form more complex structures.

The double stranded molecule that contains genetic code. DNA is a main component of chromosomes.

A single stranded molecule similaar in structure to DNA. Three forms of RNA are essential to protein synthesis:messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA ( tRna), AND RIBOSOMAL rna (rRNA)

the semifluid, gel like substance contained within the cell membrane. The nucleus and numerous structures involved with cell function are found within the cytoplasm.

the manufacture of proteins, the assembly of chains of amino acidsinto functional protein molecules. Protein synthesis is directed by DNA

(mitochondrion) Structures contained within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that convert energy, derived from nutrients, to a form that can be used by the cell.

Structures composed of a form of RNA called Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA) and protein. Ribosomes are found in a cells cytoplasm and are essential to the manufacture of proteins.

DNA found in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother.

Basically, all the cells in the body except those involved with reproduction.

Reproductive cells ( eggs and sperm in animals) developed from precursor cells in ovaries and testes.

A cell formed by the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. It contains the full complement of chromosomes ( in humans, 46) and has the potential of developing into an entire organism.

Basic units if the DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of four DNA bases.

To duplicate. The DNA molecule is able to make copies of itself.

specialized proteins rhar initiate and direct chemical reactions in the body.

In genetics, refering to the fact that DNA bases from pairs ( called base pairs) in a precise manner. For example, adenine can be bond only to thymine. These two bases are said to be complementary because one requires the other to form a complete DNA base pair.

A protein molecule that occurs in red blood cells and binds to oxygen molecules.

Substance ( usually Proteins) that are produced by specialized cells an that are produced vy specialized cells and that travel to other parts of the body, where they influence chemical reactions and regulate various cellular functions.

small molecules that are the components of proteins.

A form of RNA thats assembled on a sequence of DNA bases. It carries the DNA code to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Triplets of messenger RNA bases that code for specific amino acids during protein synthesis

A type of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosome during protein synthesis

A change in DNA. The term can refer to changes in DNA bases ( specifically called point mutations)as well as to changes in chromosome number and or structure.

a sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entore protei, a portion of a protein, or anyfunctional product . A gene may be made up of hundreds and thousands of DNA bases organized into codingand noncoding segments.

The entore genetic makeup of an individual or species. In humans, its estimated that each individual posesses approximately 3 billion DNA bases.

DNA that does not direct the production of proteins. However , such DNA segments may produce other important molecules, so the term noncoding DNA is not really accurate.

Segments of genes that are transcribed and are involved in protein synthesis. ( the prefix ex denotes that these segments are expressed)

Segments of genes that are initially transcribed and then deleted because they arent expressed, they are involved in protein synthesis

genes that influence the activity of other genes. Regulatory genes direct embryonic developement and are involved in physiological processesthroughout life. they are extremely important in the evolutionary process.

An evolutionarily ancient family or regulatary genes that directs the developement of the overall body plan and the segmentation of the body tissues.

a severe inherited hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse when deprived of oxygen. It results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allel. The type of mutation that producees the sickle- cell allele is a "point mutation".

A change in one of the four DNA bases.

The form of DNA that is present when a cell is not dividing. Microscopically, chromatin appears as a granular substance when it condenses prior to cell division, it forms chromosomes

Discrete structures composed of DNA and proteins found only in the nucleic cells. Chromosomes are visible under magnification only during certain phases of cell division.

All chromosomes except the sex chromosomes

in mammals, the x and y chromosomes.

The position or location on a chromosome where a given gene occurs. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with gene.

Alternate forms of a gene. Alleles occur at the same locus on paired chromosomes and thus govern the same trait. but because theyre different, their action may result in different expressions of that trait.

The chromosomes of an individual or what is typical of a species, viewed microscopically and displayed in a photograph. the chromosomes are arranged in pairs and according to size and position of the centromere.

Simple cell division, the process by which somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells.

Cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes, Meiosis involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing only half the original number of chromosomes. These cells can develope into gametes.

The exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis, also called crossing over

Organisms that are genetically identical to another organism. The term may also be used to refer to genetically identical DNA segments, molecules, or cells.

The chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis. Along with recombination, random assortment is an important source of genetic variation ( but not new alleles

A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA sample.

An international effort aimed in sequencing and mapping the entire human genome, completed in 2003. (wikipedia) for more info