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Application (Layer 7)
Interacts with the OS or application to provide network services needed to perform the network function that the software needs to do.
- Ex. transferring files, email,
- web browsing
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Presentation (Layer 6)
Converts the data from the application layer into a format that other layers can understand.
Handles formatting, compression, and encryption.
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Session (Layer 5)
Manages communication between source and destination applications. Establishes, maintains, and terminates logical connections between client and server applications.
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Transport (Layer 4)
Provides end-to-end reliability between end devices.
(Achieved by segmentation, synchronization, and flow control mechanisms)
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Network (Layer 3)
- Performs routing.
- Determines the path the information will take to get from the source to the destination device.
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Data Link (Layer 2)
- Performs framing of the information from all layers above in the proper format for the physical network.
- Performs error detection of corrupt or missing bits in the frame.
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Physical (Layer 1)
Defines the physical characteristics of the network such as connectors, cabling, voltage levels, and timing.
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