Chapter 17, Digestive System

Which gastrointestinal layer is characterized by having tough, fibrous connective tissue?
A) mucosa
B) muscle
C) submucosa
D) serosa

The following areas contain tonsils except which one?
A) root of tongue
B) oropharynx
C) nasopharynx
D) around the frenulum

How many teeth will be produced in an average lifetime?
A) 32
B) 52
C) 30
D) 20

Urea is synthesized by the liver following _____ metabolism.
A) carbohydrate
B) lipid
C) nucleic acid
D) protein

Which of the following are liver waste products?
A) bile salts
B) cholesterol
C) bilirubin
D) electrolytes

How long is the gastrointestinal track(alimentary canal)?

What organs make up gastrointestinal track(alimentary canal)?

What is the function of accesory organs in the gastrointestinal track(alimentary canal)?

What are the accesory organs in the gastrointestinal track(alimentary canal)?

What are the general functions of digestive track?

A wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels materials through a hollow organ.

Where does peristalsis occur and what stimulates it?

What is mechanical digestion?

What is chemical digestion?

Layers of the GI track?

Parasympathetic impulses ________ digestive function.

Sympathetic impulses ________ digestive function.

What is the function of the mucosa of GI track?

What is the function of the submucosa?

What are the fibers of the smooth muscle in the muscular layer of the GI track?

Which fibers of the muscular layer of the GI track are the inner layer and deacrease tube diameter due to contraction?

Which fibers of the muscular layer of the GI track are the outer layer and cause the tube to shorten due to contraction?

What is the outermost covering of the GI tube composed of visceral peritoneum used for protection and secreation of fluid?

area of the stomach near esophogus opening

Lipid digestion and absorption requires the coordinated actions of ______ and _____.

Which of the following is the tunica of the digestive tract that is a muscular layer and controls
movement of food in the digestive tract?

Which of the following is NOT a salivary gland?
A. Sebaceous glands
B. Submandibular gland
C. Sublingual gland
D. Parotid gland

What are the hepatic phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system(liver)?

How do digestive enzymes enter the duodenum?

Deglutition is coordinated by the swallowing center in the

The salivary glands are composed of which of the two types of secretory cells?

What is the first line of defense in the stomach against damaging acid and pepsin?

What is the effect of the release of cholecystokinin on the liver and gall bladder?

The taste buds of the tongue are located on the

The teeth that are best adapted for biting off relatively large pieces of food are the

Chamber between tounge and palate

Space between teeth, lips, and cheeks

What is the primary function of the large intestine ?

What is the function of pepsin in the gastric juices?

What is needed to digest proteins?

What is the name of the lymphatic capillaries in the walls of the small intestine?

Storage area of stomach, upper round portion

main part of stomach

inferior portion of stomach

Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called

Where is chyme made?

Cholecystokinin secretion from the intestinal wall is stimulated by the presence of

Which of the following is the effect of the release of cholecystokinin on the liver and gall bladder?

Trypsin is activated by the enzyme

Which of the following is the tunica of the digestive tract that has a muscular layer called the muscularis mucosa?

What system has the following pattern of circulation: capillaries -> veins -> capillaries -> veins

The primary function of the large intestine is the

_________ is secreted by stomach and is important for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the _______.

Where do the ducts from the liver and pancreas open into?

What is attached to the cecum?

Muscular tube 9 meter long

Foods and liquids enter digestive track via mouth

What is bolus?

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

Lateral walls of mouth that cosisit of skin, subcutaneous fat, muscles, and stratified squamos epithelium. Assist in moving food

Skeletal muscles with sensory receptors that judge temp and texture of food?

Membranous fold of tounge

Aids in creating bolus and moving it to pharynx

Taste buds are also called

Formed by maxillary and palatine bones

muscular arch that seperates oral cavity from nasopharynx

Cone-shaped projection of soft palate

What closes the nasal cavity opening when swallowing?

What tooth is chisel shaped, 4 on top & 4 on bottom, with sharp edges used to bite off relatively large pieces off food?

What tooth is cone shaped, useful in grasping food, 2 on top and 2 on bottom?

What teeth have flattened sufaces used for grinding food?

Part of the tooth above the gum line

part of tooth below the gum line?

Teeth are attached to the jawline by collagenous fibers of?

What are the functions of saliva? (5)

What helps saliva maintain a neutral pH?

What is the pH of saliva?

Serous cells of salivary glands produce ______ which breaks down ______ into ________

Mucous cells of the saivary gland secret _____ wich aids to _____ food for _______

Salivary glands are inervated by what nervous system?

Where are salivary glands located?

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

What is the largest salivary gland, located between cheeks and masseter muscle, and secreates amylase?

Which salivary gland is on the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the mandible, produces a more vicous saliva, and secretes both serous and mucus solutions?

Which salivary gland is the smallest, located on the floor of the mouth, and primarily secretes mucus fluid?

Funnel shaped tube that connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus

What makes up the muscular walls of the pharynx?

The ______ muscle of the pharynx push the food ahead, while the _______ muscle pulls the pharynx upward.

Name the different tonsils types

The swelling of which tonsil causes tonsillitis?

Which tonsil is referred to as adenoid?

What muscles function involuntarily during swallowing?

Complex process whose initiation can be controlled

What are the 3 stages of swallowing?

Where is the swallowing center located in the brain?

What moves food through the esophagus into the stomach?

the bolus triggers an opening in the

Collapsible tube, 10 inches, connects pharynx to stomach

Where is the esophagus located?

What is the name of the opening where the esophagus penetrates the diaphgram?

Smoothe circular muscle at the end of esophagus, prevents regurgitation of food from stomach

What causes heartburn?

Folds in the mucosa of stomach

J-shaped organ in the upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity

What are the regions of the stomach?

Circular smooth muscle where the stomach and duodenum connect

Valve between stomach and small intestine, prevents small intestine contents from entering stomach

Gastric ____ contains gastric glands which secrete gastric juice through the gastric ____ to the lumen of the stomach

Name the 3 types of gastric gland secretory cells

Which gastric cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

Which gastric cells secrete pepsinogen, pepsin, and lipase?

Inactive enzyme secreated in the intestine?

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

Aids in the absorption of vitiman B₁₂ from the Illeum of small intestine?

Enzyme that digest protein, most important, more effective in acidic enviorment

Digest butterfats, not as effective due to low pH of gastric juice

What regulates gastric juice secretions?

What secretes somatostatin(hormone)?

Decreases digestive function by inhibiting secretion of HCI acid from parietal cells

Vagus nerve _____ the secreation of somatostation due to ___________ impulses

Parasympathetic impulses stimulate enteroendocrine cells in pyloric region of stomach to release

Gastrin ______ the secretions of the gastric glands

Parasympathetic impulse +gastrin =? Which causes?

What are the stomach layers

Mixing movements in stomach produce

What moves chyme into pyloric region of stomach?

enterogastric reflex ______ peristaltic waves

hormone released from intestine if chyme is high in fat or protein, inhibits peristaltic waves

organ that goes from duodenum to spleen, head to duodenum, tail to spleen

pancreatic duct, common bile duct, and gallbaldder join at a dialted tube called ______ on the duodenum

What organ digest all 4 organic molecules?

what cells produce pancreatic juice

Enzyme that digest starch or glycogen into disaccharides

Enzyme that converts fats(triglycerides) into fatty acid and monoglycerides

enzyme secreated by mucosa of small intestine needed to activate protein splitting enzymes

proteolytic enzymes digest

_______ activates chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase in the small intestine

Tryspin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase are_______ enzymes

What has a high bicarbonate ion concentration, neatralizes chyme, and causes intestinal wall to be alkaline?

What is released when acidic chyme enters duodenum?

What is released when chyme has high fat or protein content?

Largest internal organ, located upper right central portion of abdominal cavity, below diaphgram

What is the function of liver?

Waste product of protein metabolism

Liver secreation that directly affects digestion

4 lobes of liver

functional units of liver

Bile is secreated by

what part of bile has digestive function

High concentration of ______ form gallstones

stores bile between meals

Stimulates release of bile and pancreatic juices, causes stomach peristalsis to decrease

Emulsification is _______ digestion

tubular organ, extends from pyloric sphincter to large intestine, 18-20 ft

Structures of small intestine

shortest portion(10 inches) of small intestine, recieves ducts from liver and pancreas

part of small intestine that lies free in peritoneal cavity, 8 ft

most distal part of small intestine, 11 ft

double layered fold of peritonium, anchors jejunum and illeim to abdominal wall, has blood vessels and nerves

double layered fold of peritonium, covers intestine like apron, contains lymph nodes

Small intestine wall lined with ____

simple columnar epithelium, CT core with blood capillaries and lacteals

increase the surface area of villus, increases absorption,can be seen with electron microscope

What digestive enzymes are located on microvilli?

peptidase splits

sucrase,maltase, and lactase split

intestinal lipase splits

Most important organ of absorption

begining of large intestine

Name parts of large intestine

last inch of colon

located next to sacrum

internal anal sphincter is ______ muscle with ______ control

external anal sphincter is ______ muscle under _____ control

pouches in the wall of large intestine that increase surface area of colon and give it a puckered apperance

Where is the only place nucleic acid gets broken down into nucleotides? What enzyme breaks down nucleic acid?

Which organ is both endocrine gland and exocrine gland?

Enzyme that breaks down peptides into amino acids

Enzyme that breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharids

Enzyme that coverts trypsinogen into trypsin

Hormone that inhibts acid secreation in the stomach and intestine by parietal cells

Hormone that inhibits gastric glands

Hormone that stimulates pancreas to release enzymes in pancreatic juice

Hormone that stimulates gallbladder to release bile

Hormone that stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice in response to acidic chyme

Hormone that increases activity of gastric gland in the stomach and intestine in response to food and chyme

What is the only enzyme secreated in the mouth?