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what accounts for the double membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
primary endosymbiosis
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what is lost from chloroplasts of all plant and algal cells except the glaucophytes?
peptidoglycan
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what did ancestral eukaryotes engulfing cyanobacteria give rise to?
glaucophytes, red algae, and green algae
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when does secondary endosybiosis occur?
when green and red algae, and glaucophytes are engulfed
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what does secondary endosymbiosis account for?
chloroplasts surrounded by 3 or 4 membranes, presence of a nucleomorph (trace of engulfed cells nucleus)
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what are some characteristics of protists?
unicellular, aquatic, motile, nutritionally diverse, many from vacuoleshave variety of cell surfaces, eukaryotes, cell walls
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where do protists live
marine, freshwater, body fluids
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what do protists use to move?
pseudopodia, flagella, cilia
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how are protists nutritionally diverse
autotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs
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what do contractile vacuoules do?
collect and repel water
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what happens as digestion begins in a eukaryotic protist?
vescicle becomes acidic, then turns back to basic
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what kind of cell surface do protists have?
plasmodial membrane, may have pellicle (paramecium, euglenia)
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what are the cell walls of protists made of?
cellulose
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what is the glass shell (cell wall) of a diatom made of?
silicon dioxide
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how do protists reproduce?
sexually and asexually
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four types of asexual reproduction used by protists?
cell division, multiple fission, budding, asexual spores
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two common types of cell division in protists?
mitosis and cytokinesis
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what is it called when cells split from one multinucleate cell into many cells?
multiple fission
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what is the outgrowth of a new cell from the surface of another?
budding
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what are specialized cells that develop into a new organism?
asexual spores
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what does sexual reproduction of protists include?
production of gametes by meiosis
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describe the diplontic life cycle
diploid undergoes meiosis to produce haploid gametes which fuse to form diploid zygote, (only gametes are haploid)
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describe the haplontic life cycle
undergoes mitosis to produce haploid gametes which fuse to form diploid zygote (only zygotes are diploid)
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describe alternation of generations life cycle
diploid sporophyte alternates with a haploid, multicellular gamete producing organism (gametophyte)
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