Bio Ch. 2

Pertaining to a substance that does not dissolve in water

The central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons

the tendency of polar molecules (such as water) to adhere to polar surfaces (such as glass)

With a hydrogen ion concentration less than that of hydroxide ions

A substance that releases hydrogen ions into solution; a solution with a pH of less than 7

The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C

The tendency for hydrophobic molecules to cluster together when immersed in water

The process that forms and breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together

A chemical bond formed by the electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

The property of a liquid to resist penetration by objects at its interface with the air, due to cohesion between molecules of the liquid

Pertaining to a substance that dissolves readily in water or to parts of a large molecule that form hydrogen bonds with water

A substance that cannot be broken down, or converted, to a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means

A compound that minimizes changes in pH by reversibly taking up or releasing ions

Any molecule that reacts with free radicals, neutralizing their ability to damage biological molecules

Referring to a solution with a H ion concentration exceeding that of OH ions; referring to a substance that releases H ions

A covalent bond with equal sharing electrons

A scale, with values from 0 to 14, used for measuring the relative acidity of a solution; 0 to 7 is acidic, 7 to 14 is basic

A substance capable of combining with and neutralizing ions in a solution; a solution with a pH of more than 7; in molecular genetics, one of the nitrogen-containing, single of double-ringed structures that distinguish one nucleotide from another

A subatomic particle that is found in the nuclei of atoms, bears no charge, and has a mass approximately equal to that of a proton

A subatomic particle, found in an electron shell outside the nucleus of an atom, that bears a unit of negative charge and very little mass

The energy that must be supplied to a compound to transform it from a liquid into a gas at its boiling temperature

A chemical bond between atoms in which electrons are shared

Pertaining to an atom with an unstable nucleus that spontaneously disintegrates, with the emission of radiation

A particle composed of one or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; the smallest particle of a compound that displays all the properties of that compound

A molecule with an unpaired electron, which makes it highly unstable and reactive with nearby molecules

A covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons, such that one atom is relatively negative and the other is relatively positive

A region within which electrons orbit that corresponds to a fixed energy level at a given distance from the atomic nucleus of an atom

The number of protons in the nuclei of all atoms of a particular element

A charged atom or molecule; an atom or molecule that has either an excess of electrons (and hence is negatively charged) or has lost electrons (and is positively charged)

One of several forms of a single element, the nuclei of which contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

A substance whose molecules are formed by different types of atoms; can be broken into its constituent elements by chemical means

The total mass of all protons, electrons, and neutrons within an atom

A solvent containing one or more dissolved substances (solutes)

The tendency of the molecules of a substance to stick together

A subatomic particle that is found in the nuclei of atoms, bears a unit of positive charge, and has a relatively large mass, roughly equal to the mass of the neutron

The force of attraction between neighboring atoms that holds them together in a molecule

A liquid capable of dissolving (uniformly dispersing) other substances in itself

The weak attraction between a hydrogen atom that bears a partial positive charge and another atom (normally O, F, or N) that bears a partial negative charge