wendy1

Astrocytes

• conscious thought processes, intellectual functions
• -memory storage and processing
• -conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

• coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
• -adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

• relays sensory info to cere bellum and thalamus
• -subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

• -relays sensory info to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem
• -autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)

• processing of visual and auditory data
• -generation of reflexive somatic motor responses
• -maintenance of consciousness

centers controlling emtions, autonomic functions, and hormone production

relay and processing centers for sensory info

• 1. cerebral hemisphere
• 2. diencephalon
• 3. Midbrain
• 4. Pons
• 5. Cerebellum
• 6. Medulla
• 7. Spinal cord

• -flow of info from PNS to CNS
• -direct body movement
• -processes sensory info from limbs, trunk, and internal organs
• 0segmental organization and pair of nerve roots

medulla + pons + midbrain

• head (sensory, motor control)
• -use of cranial verves in place of spinal nerves
• -transmission of info between brain and SC
• -regulation of arousal and viscceral functions (bp & respiration)

regulation of movement, maintenance of posture and balance; works closesly in concert with pons

..for transmitting info to cerebral hemispheres

• integrates functions of the ANS
• -controls endocrine hormone release from pit

gyri, sulci, fissues, and 4 lobes

• -motor behavior
• -primary cortex at precentral gyrus: nearby premotor areas, prefrontal assocaiton cortex, cingulate gyrus (import. for reasoning and emotional)

• sensory areas.
• Primary cortex at postcentral gyrus
• -superior parietal lobule (spatial perception, self-image
• -inferior parietal lobule (integrating sensory info for speech and perception)

• primary cortex within calcarine fissure on medial surface
• -surrounding association cortex elaborates the sensory message so that can see and integrate forms and colours
• -important for recognizing faces

• sensory funccitons +memory and emotions
• -primary auditory cortex: on superior temporal gyrus - speech centre
• -integrate with nearby areas: inferior temporal gyrus: perception of visual forms and colours
• -works with nearby occipital
• -temporal pole + medial temporal areas: mediate emotions along with nearby frontal cortical areas

learning and memory

emotional control and coordination of rage

hippocampus and amygdala; important implications for psychiatry

imorant in control of movement, emotion and cognition

• CSF surrounds and fills tubular CNS
• -serves as cushion and shock absorber
• -serves as medium for chemical communication
• -general structures serve as important landmarks for nearby structures: (lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricles, 4th ventricle)

• STABILIZE THE POSITION OF BRAIN
• -falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

-dura, arachnoid, pia

• -protective, circulating function (contain bloodvessels) - veings and arteries in subarachnoid space
• -dural sinuses - major venous areas carrying blood away from brain

cushions delicate neural structures, supports brain, transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

• -produced at choroid plexus
• -travels thru lateral and medial apertures to subarachnoid space,
• -diffuses across the arachnoid granulations itno the superior sagittal sinus

isolates neural tissue from general circulation

• connects brain with spinal cord
• -contains relay stations and reflex centers (olivary nuclei and cardiovascular and repiratory ryhythmicity centers)
• -reticular formation beingsi n medulla oblongata and extends into more superior portions of the brainstem

• -sensory and motor nuclei for four cranial verves
• -nuclei that help control respiration
• -nuclei and tracts linking cerebellum with the brain stem, cerebrum and spinal cord
• -ascending, descending, and transverse tracts

analogous to intermediate zone; plays key role in sensory motor integration; regulates arousal

• adjusts postural muscles and tunes on-going movements
• -cerebellar hemispheres: anterior and posterior lobes, vermis, flocculonodular lobe
• -superior,m iddle and inferior cerebellar peduncles link cerebellum with brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
• -interconnects the two cerebellar hemispheres

• corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior colliculi)
• -contains many nuclei: red nucleus, substantia nigra, cerebral peduncles, RAS headquarters

epithalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus

final relay point for ascending sensory info

the activities of cerebral cortex

• diencephalon - relay nuclei thru which sensory and motor info pass to and from cortex
• EG. from sc to primary sensory cortex; from primary motor cortex to sc

• diffuse; function in arousal and regulates various functions of cerebral cortex
• -final relay point for ascending sensory info
• -coordinates activities of cerebral cortex and basal nuclei

white matter underling cortex; path of transmission of info immediate to and from cortex

• controls somatic motor activities at the subconscious lvl
• -controls autonomic function,
• -coordinates activities of endocrine and nervous systems
• -secretes hormones
• -produces emotions and behavioral drives
• -coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
• -regulates body temp
• -coordinates circadian cycles of activity

advanced forms (neocortex, isocortex)

• Palocortex
• archicortex

sense of smell, emotions (olfbulb)

memories (hipp, 3 layers)

thickness of each 6 layers varies between areas, whcih are also distinct functionally

• layer IV
• -primary motor areas have thick layer V

contains association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers,

• caudate nucleus
• -globus pallidus
• -putamen:

control muscle tone and coordinate learned movement patterns

voluntary movements

• somatic sensory info
• -touch, pressure, pain, taste, temp

• control ability to undersatnd sensory info and coordinate a response
• -somatic sensory asso. area
• -visual asso area
• -somatic motor assoc. area

• receives info from all sensory areas
• -present only in L hemisphere

regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization

• coordinates info form secondar and special asso. areas
• -performs abstract intellectual functions

L hemisphere typically contains general interpretive and speech centers and is reponsible for language based skills

R hemisphere: responsible for spatial relationships and analyses

• 12 pairs
• -each attaches to ventrolateral surface of brainstem near assoc. sensory or motor nuclei

• amygdaloid body
• -cingulated gyrus
• -parahippocampal gyrus
• -hippocampus
• -fornix
• -functions: involve emotions and behavioral drives