NPB 10

biological molecule made of a carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, ratio 1:2:1

carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid

composed of carbon and at least one hydrogen atom

• affect chemical behavior of organic compound
• a cluster of atoms bonded to carbon, gives rise to specific properties.
• gives identity, estrogen hormone to women, testerone to men

an OH group from one molecule combines with H atom from another. Water forms as the two molecules bond covalently.

A molecule splits, then an OH grou and H atom from a water molecule become attached to sites exposed by the reaction.

molecule reffers to a building block or a brick

two identical molecules, created a chain like

molecules that catalyze reaction, takes the polymer and breaks them

• plentiful and varied
• most abundant biological molecule
• used to build cell parts as energy sources
• Ex: extracellular matrix (green)

• simplest carbohydrate = Monosaccharide= one monomr of sugar
• = O and H jointed to a carbon backbone
• = tasted sweet and dissolve
• = one of the energy sources
• = precursor of many compounds including vitamin C

• short chains of sugar units
• more complicated sugar form
• Oligo: a few
• Energy source and parts of protein

• two sugar units
• Ex: lactose=sugar from milk, sucrose= table sugar (plentiful sugar in nature, consists of glucose and fructose)
• and maltose

• sugar chains that stor energy, that energy is released to cells when the digestive system breaks these sugars down.
• straight or branched chain of sugar monomers (glucose)
• complex carbohydrate, jointed by dehydration synthesis
• make up most of carbohydrate human eats, glycogen, startch, and cellulose, which consists only of glucose

• Polysaccharide made caborhydrate in our eats
• storage form of glucose in plant( wheat, potatoes, rice, corn )

indigestible fiber of plants (aids in human digestion)

storage of glucose in animals (in liver and muscle)

• fats, and their chemical kin
• cells use lipids to store energy, as structural material and signaling molecules
• exess fat is stored in lipocyte which expand in size util the fat is used as fuel

• nonpolar hydrocarbon (hydrophobic, do not dissolve in water)
• Fats: are glycerol with one, two, or three fatty acids attached

• most common fat in human body
• richest source of energy, most oil
• Glycerol with three fatty acids attached
• saturateda and unsaturated
• unsaturated cis (H attached to C is next to each other) and trans (H attached to C are opposite of each other)

• are key building blocks of cell membranes
• - glycerol backbon
• -two fatty acid tails
• -hydrophillic phosphate head (a phosporus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms and another polar group)
• -important component of all cell membranes

• lipids without fatty acid tails
• Cholesterol: the most common sterol in the human body
• have a rigid backbon of four fused-together carbon rings
• Cholesterol: bad and good, vital component of animal membranes
• Derivatives of cholesterol include: vitmin D and steriod hormones

• Biological molecules with many roles
• -most diverse molecules, about 30,000, but built with only 20 amino acids
• -has a lot of function
• - made of three groups: amino group, carboxyl group, and R groups( special groups, 20 kinds, each with distinct properties)

• is a protein's primary structure
• - amino acids linked by peptide bonds (covalent bond forms by condensation reaction)
• - sequence of amino acids determines primary
• -polypetide chain- chain of 3 or more amino acids
• JUST REMEMBER THAT: protein are built from amino acid, 20
• DNA determines the order of amino acid in the protein

• -once amino acids have been assembled into a protein, the protein folds into its final shape.
• - protein's final shape determines its function
• -secondary structure due to hydrogen bonds: the helical coil and sheetlike
• -tertiary structure: continued folding, twisted into functional domains
• -Quaternary structure: hemoglobin: four chains; Insulin: two chain; many enzyme

• Globular
• -hemoglobin: four chains
• -insulin: twon chains
• -many enzymes
• Fibrous
• -collagen: most common protein in human (made our hair)
• -Keratin

• -effect of pH and temperature on protein's structure
• -chnages in structure affect fucntion
• -distruption of hydrogen bond lead to Denaturation

• are engergy carriers and have other roles
• Includes:
• -sugar, phosphate, nitrogeneous base (C, G, T, A)

• -three phosphate groups
• -release engergy when phosphate bongds are broken

• -are strands (single and double) of nucleotides
• -DNA, RNA- information molecules

are hydrophobic greasy or oily compounds

major reservoirs of energy

the main component of cell membranes

• such as cholesterol
• are component of membranes and precursors of steroid hormones and other vitl molecules

• organic molecules built of amino acids, have variety of roles in human body
• -consists of one of more chains of amino acids
• -DNA determines the order of amino acid in the chain. the sequence is unit for each type of proten
• -the sequence that makes p a protein is the protein's primary structure

• -Proteins then fold into their secondary structure, a coil and extended sheet
• -More folding produces the their level of protein structure, which dictates how the protein will function
• -Proteins with more than one polypeptide chain have a forught level organization of quanternary structure

single or double stranded molecule built of nucleotides. Includes DNA and RNA