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Define pathology
Study of disease including any abnormal changes seen in the body
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Define disease
The pattern of the body's response to some form of injury
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Define etiology
Study of the causes of the disease process
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What is pathogenesis?
A sequence of events where disease develops according to the mechanism of injury
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What are manifestations?
Observed changed seen in the patient. Signs and/or symptoms
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Establishing manifestations are done by:
- Patient: their history including chief complaint
- HCP: observation of abnormal changes
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What is objective testing?
Testing that involves analysis of specimens
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What are objective procedures?
A procedure that is more in depth testing
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The 4 events that occur in inflammatory response:
- Alterations in blood flow and vascular permeability
- Migration of circulating white blood cells to the interstitium of the injured tissue
- Phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion of dead cells and tisssue elements
- Repair of injury by regeneration of normal parenchymal cells or proliferation of granulation tissue and eventual scar formation
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The 5 clinical signs of acute inflammation:
- Rubor (redness)
- Calor (heat)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Dolor (pain)
- Loss of function
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What is edema?
The accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities.
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What is ischemia?
Interference of blood supply and/or infarct (localized area of ischemia necrosis or dead tissue)
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What is a hemorrhage?
Rupture of a blood vessel
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Hemorrhages may result in:
Hematoma: trapped blood within tissue
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3 types of hemorrhages:
- Petechiae: minimal amount of trapped blood
- Purpura: trapped blood smaller than 1-2 cm
- Ecchymosis (bruise): trapped blood larger than 1-2 cm
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What are 6 alterations of cell growth (listed in lecture notes):
- Atrophy
- Hypoplasia/aplasia
- Hyperplasia
- Hypertrophy
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
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Define atrophy
Reduction in size/number of cells with decrease function
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Define hypoplasia/aplasia
Failure of normal development results in abnormal small size
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Define hyperplasia
Increased number of tissue cells
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Define hypertrophy
Increase in overall size of cell
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Define metaplasia
Changes in cellular structure from normal to abnormal
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Define dysplasia
Abnormal development of tissue, can precede a malignant change. Associated with prolonged/chronic inflammation or irritation
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Define neoplasia
- "New growth"
- Abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells.
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Benign tumors usually consists of:
- Cells that resemble the tissue of origin
- Add the suffix -oma to the cell type
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Malignant tumors spread by:
Seeding or lymphatic and/or hematogenous (blood) routes
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8 most common benign tumors:
- Fibromas: tumors of fibrous tissue
- Chondroma: cartilaginous tumors
- Adenoma: epithelial neoplasms that grow in glandlike patterns
- Cystadenoma: large cystic masses
- Lipoma: tumors of soft fatty tissue
- Myoma: tumors of muscle
- Angioma: tumors composed of blood vessels
- Papilloma or polyp: An epithelial tumor that grows as a projecting mass on the skin or from an inner mucous membrane
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4 most common malignant tumors (not sure what 4th one is):
- Adenocarcinoma: malignancies of glandular tissues, like breast, liver, and pancreas, and of the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract
- Squamous cell carcinoma: tumor cells that resemble stratified squamous epithelium, as in the lung and head and neck regions
- Sarcoma: highly malignant tumors arising from connective tissues, such as bone, muscle, and cartilage
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Define staging
- Extensiveness of tumor at the primary site
- Presense or absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs
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Define oncology
Study of neoplasms
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Define anaplastic
Undifferentiated cell growth-without form (bizarre)
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Define lymphatic spread
Major route by which carcinoma metastasizes
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Define hematogenous spread
Malignant tumors that have invaded the circulatory system and travel as neoplastic emboli
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Define epidemiology
Study of determinants of disease events in given populations
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Define morbidity
Rate that an illness or abnormality occurs
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Define mortality
Reflects the number of deaths by disease per population
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Define latrogenic
Disease caused by physician or treatment
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Define nosocomial infections
Infections contracted in the acute care facility
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What are the 6 terms for disease
- Signs
- Symptoms
- Latrogenic
- Nosocomial infections
- Community-acquired infections
- Idiopathic
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What are 6 body reactions to pathologic conditions?
- Inflammation
- Edema
- Ischemia
- Hemorrhage
- Alterations of cell growth
- Neoplasia
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The accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the spaces between cells or in body cavities is termed:
Edema
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An interruption in the blood supply to an organ or body part is referred to as?
Ischemia
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A localized area of ischemic necrosis in an organ or tissue is terned a(n)?
Infarct
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A swelling caused by bleeding into an enclosed area is termed?
Hematoma
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A decrease in function of an organ or tissue because of a reduction in the size or nunber of cells is termed?
Atrophy
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The term for benign epithelial neoplasms that have a glandlike pattern is?
Adenoma
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Statistically, _____ reflects the number of deaths by disease per population.
Mortality
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The rate that an illness or abnormality occurs is called?
Morbidity
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