Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates is a main source for what?

Carbohydrates provides the body with what?

Adenosine Triphosphate is what?

What is the primary source of energy for the synthesis of ATP?

What type of molecules bond carbon, hydrogen & oxygen together?

Carbohydrates is made of how many carbon and molecules?

What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates?

Cabohydrates contain what two groups?

Classifications of Carbohydrates are based on what 4 properties?

The size of the base carbon chain shows what?

The location of the C=O function group have what two forms of carbohydrates?

Stereochemistry is the study of what?

Stereoisomers are compounds that have the same order and types of bonds, but different in what?

What is more representative of the actual structure?

Fisher Projection is represented as what?

Stereoisomers central carbons are what?

How many groups are attached to the carbon atoms in a stereoisomers?

True or False: stereoisomers mirror images and can overlap
True False

Optical activity has the ability to rotate what?

For dextrorotatory, name 3 characteristics of it?

For levorotatory, name 3 characteristics?

What are the 4 classification of number sugar units? 4 types of Carbohydrates

Chaining of sugars relies on what type of formation?

When 2 carbohydrate molecules join together what is produced?

What happens when 2 cabohydrates split?

What is glycoside linkage?

What are 3 characteristics of Monosaccharides?

___ is the only carbohydrates that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal lining.

What is the primary form of sugar stored in the human body for energy?

Galactose sugar is found where?

Fructose is found where?

Glucose, galactose, and fructose share what?

Which carb has 2-10 monosaccharides?

Oligosaccharides have the most __ sugars?

Disaccharides formed on what?

Disaccharides have_sugars
a.single
b.double
c.triple

What are some common disaccharides?

What is the formula for sucrose?

What is the formula for lactose?

What is the formula for maltose?

Disaccharides easily converted to their monosaccharide bases by what?

Table sugar is most common sugar in what?

Sugar cane and beet are up to how many % by mass sucrose?

What is an enzyme that requires to hydrolyze lactose?

What is lack of insufficient amount of the enzyme?

What happens if lactose enters lower GI?

Maltose is a product of what?

Where would you find maltose?

Polysaccharides have long chains of more than 10 monosaccharides that equal to what?

Where are complex carbohydrates present in?

At what rate is polysaccharides digested at?

What are two most common examples of polysaccharides?

What is a polymer of glucose?

Starch is used by plants to store glucose for what?

What are some common sources of starch?

What happens to starch when eaten?

What is another polymer of glucose?

Glycogen is used by animals to?

Excess glucose is bonded together to form what?

Glycogen stores excess of this?

Reducing substances do what?

This substances has loss of electrons

This substance gains electrons

Reducing substances must contain what groups?

This is the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

What is anabolism?

What is catabolism?

What is an enzyme?

amylase, lactase, lipase are examples of what protein molecule?

In this process most of ingested carbohydrates are polymers such as starch and glycogen?

Digestive process is digestive by what?

Digestive process is further hydrolysed by what?

2 important gut-derived enzymes that hydrolyze what?

Monosaccharides are absorbed by what?

this is transported to the liver by hepatic portal venous blood supply.

this is the only carbohydates to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen

What must be converted to glucose before use?

This is facilitated transport of glucose across the plasma membrane

What happens to glucose once its in circulation?

What happens to glucose within the cells?

G6P serves as what?

during this process,the cell obtains the high-energy molecule ____

this is energy currency of the cell, mostly gained in mitochondria, and composed of adenosine, ribosome and 3 phosphate groups

ATP needs what?

ATP is required to convert glucose to_________ by tissue specific isoenzyme known as _____

this is a metabolism of glucose to either pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

Whats is the dominant product of aerobic?

This is when oxygen is depleted and lactate is the dominant product

This is glycolytic pathway (Embden-Meyerhof)

Prepatory, Krebs cycle, and Citric Acid cycle is also known as?

Aerobic Glycolysis is what type of chain?

this converts glucose-6-phosphate to two molecules of a three-carbon compound

What is produced in the Tricarboxylic Acid cycle?

This is a biological pathway that breaks down Acetyl CoA, producing CO_2, H+, NADH, FADH2, and ATP

This is a waste product that diffuses out of the cells and is given off by the organism.

This accounts for 2 immediate ATP molecules per glucose molecule

In Tricarboxylic both __ and __ will enter the Electron Transport Chain

This occurs in the mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain is the formation of CO₂ and H₂O as waste product of what?

Electrons move down the chain, carrier are reduced and the ____

Energy is captured and used to form what?

In the END product each glucose molecule yields a net of __-__ ATP molecules(__ from glycolysis, 2 from _____, and 32 or 34 from the electron transport chain, depending on certain conditions.

this is important for tissues such as muscle, which often have important energy requirement w/out an adequate oxygen supply

In the absence of oxygen what is pyruvic acid converted to?

Side effects of anaerobic glycolysis are what?

This is the most diffused into the bloodstream, then to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvic acid when oxygen become available

this is a detour of glucose 6 phosphate from the glycolysis pathway to become 6-phosphogluconic acid

this leads to the formation of ribosome-5-phosphate and NADPH

this produces NADPH for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids for tissues such as mammary glands, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex and the liver

this is very important to RBC's which lack mitochondria

NADPH in RBCs help protect what?

The HMP also allows the pentose to enter what?

In this metabolic process conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage is what?

Glycogenolysis is the breakkdown of what for use as energy?

This process is glycogen broken back down into glucose when energy is needed

Glycogenesis is mediated by what?

What are the major depots of glycogen?

Insulin is synthesized by what cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

___is the primary homone responsible for increasing glucose levels and synthesized by the ____ of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

This hormone is released during time of stress and increase plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin secretion?

Released from the adrenal cortex on stimulation by ACTH?

This hormone is produced by the Delta cells of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas?

What are the laboratory findings for the hyperglycemia ?

A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in___ secretion, action or both?

What are the characteristics of DM Type 1?

What are the characteristics of Type 2 DM?

What are some characteristics of Gestational DM?

What are the 3 criteria's for Diabetes Mellitus?

According to ADA,__ of the above criteria must be confirmed on different days.

What are normal values for fasting glucose? 2HR OGTT?

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

__primary source of energy for brain, erythrocytes, and retinal cells.

______,_____,_____ are the basic elements of carbohydrates.

Define glycogenesis

Define glycogenolysis

define Glyconeogenesis

define hydrolysis

what do hydrolysis of the following diasaccharides yield? sucrose, lactose, maltose

____is also known as complex carbohydrates

___ means stored glucose.

Insulin is produced by the ___ cells of the ___ in the ___.

____ produced by the adrenal medulla, during time of stress, increase plasma glucose levels by inhibiting insulin secretion.

What are the lab findings for hyperglycemia?

When do you perform OGTT on a pregnant woman?

What is the main characteristics of G6PD Type 1?

What is the most common enzyme defiency for galactosemia?

What is the specimen requirement for glycosylated hemoglobin testing?

Define lipids?

___ lipids charaterized by having 2-4 double bonds between carbons.

___ allow for compact energy storage within the body

____ lipid consisting of a 4-ring structure and side chain of 8 carbon atoms

____ lipids formed by the conjugation of 2 fatty acids and a phosphorylated glycerol

____ are proteins used to transport lipids though the bloodstream

___enzyme from the pancreas acts on tryglycerides removing one fatty acid chain at a time