AP Psychology Chapter 14

Deviant behavior causes the person distress

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

Are psychosocial or environmental problems, such as school or housing issues, also present?

Is a general medical condition, such as diabetes, hypertension, or arthrisit, also present?

Is a personality disorder or mental retardation present? Clinicians may or may not also select one of these two conditions.

Is the clinical syndrome present? Using specifically defined criteria, clinicians may select none, one, or more syndromes from a list.

Using the 5 axes, of which are outlined in the DSM - IV

• The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revision;" a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
• Defines a diagnostic process and 16 clinical syndromes and various disorders

An approach that regognizes that mind and body are inseparable: negative emotions contribute to physical illness, and physical abnormalities contribute to negative emotions

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

A French psychologist who insisted that madness is not a demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Behaviors that are a result of disorders that often interfere with work and leisure.

What is the global assesment of this person's functioning? Clinicians assign a code from 0-100

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy

A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Documented the resilience of Holocaust survivors

Found that individuals who struggle with challenging crises, such as fighting cancer, often leads people to report an increased appreciate for life, more meaningful relationship, increased personal strength, changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life.

The theory that fear conditioning leads to anxiety, which then becomes associated with other objects and events and is reinforced.

When bad events happen unpredictably and uncontrollably, anxiety often develops. Such anxiety can be perpetuated through stimulus generalization and reinforcement.

The response after an individual is exposed to a stimulus, rewarding their reaction.

A learned behavior in which an individual reacts to similar stimuli in the same way, having mentally categorized them in as the same thing.

Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and OCD are linked with brain circuits.

The theory that humans are biologically prepared to fear threats face by our ancestors, which made them more likely to survive and leave descendants.

Influence the likelihood of individuals of the same family having anxiety disorders. The anxiety gene affects brain levels of serotonin or glutamate.

Disorders are biologically manifested as an overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors. When it detects that something is asmiss, it seems to generate a mental hiccup of repeating thoughts or actions.

A brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors; is more likely to be hyperactive in those with OCD

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distince and alternation personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder. It is thought to be an extension of the human capacity to shift personality.

A loss of identity due to a traumatic event

Amnesia accompanied by active flight to a different environment where the past is forgotten and the individual establishes a new identiy in a new environment

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs ro a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest of pleasure in most activities.

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

a mood disorder in w hich the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania; formerly called manic-depressive disorder.

• 1. Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression: they feel unmotivated, are sensitive to negative happenings, and expect negative outcomes.
• 2. Depression is widespread: Its commonality suggests that its causes, too, must be common.
• 3. Compared with men, women are nearly twice as vulnerable to major depression: Women are more vulnerable to disorders involving internatilzed states, while men tend to have more external disorders
• 4. Most major depressive episodes self-terminate: Therapy tends to speed recovery, but most individuals with major depression eventually return to normal. About 50% of those who recover from depression will suffer another episode within two years.

• 1. Stressful experiences
• 2. Negative explanatory style
• 3. Depressed mood
• 4. Cognitive and behavioral changes

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity

Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

Immobility, extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements

Many and varied symptoms that either fall under multiple categories or none of the categories

Withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared

• 1. Excess amounts of dopamine receptors
• 2. Abnormally low brain activity in the frontal lobes
• 3. A noticeable decline in the brain waves that reflect synchronized neural firing in the frontal lobes
• 4. The core regions of the brain become vigorously active during hallucinations

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

A personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

A personality disorder in which th eperson expresses a fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes them to withdraw

The person exhibits eccentric behaviors, such as emotionless disengagement