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Fat soluble vitamins require _______ for absorption and are stored in the ______________
bile acids, liver and adipose
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Vitamin A (retinol) is important for:
- Proper vision
- Normal growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
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Vitamin A (retinol) is found in:
Liver, milk, eggs, cereals, multivitamins
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Vitamin A (retinol) deficiency leads to:
- Night blindness
- Dry eyes leading to corneal damage
- Urinary stones
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What is the limit for excess vitamin A? List the signs of acute toxicity.
- > 66,000 IU/day
- Signs of acture tox: nausea, vomting, headache, blurred vision, muscular uncoordination- doubles risk of hip fracture
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List the sources of beta carotene.
Yello/orange fruits and veggies, dark leafy greens, spinach broccoli
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Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) serves as a/n _____________. Deficiency is usually due to ____________.
Antioxidant, malabsorption
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Vitamin E deficiency may lead to:
- Necrotizing myopathy
- Neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction
- Anemia due to oxidative damage to RBCs
- Retinopathy
- Infertility
- Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (bc vitamin E may prevent oxidation of LDL or polyunsaturated fats.
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List sources of vitamin E
Nut, seeds, wheat germ, rice bran, veggie oils, margarine, shortening
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High doses of vitamin E may cause:
bleeding complications
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How is vitamin D synthesized?
From cholesterol via UV radiation (to 7-alpha dehydro cholesterol) and then dehydroxylated to 1,25-dehydroxy vitamin D3
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When should you take vitamin D suppllements and how much should you take?
If you live further north than LA/Florida between Oct-May. Take 100-400 IU (2.5-10 ug/day). The elderly have more risk factors so they should take > 400 IU.
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Who is at greater risk for vitamin D deficiency?
- The elderly have more risk factors so they should take > 400 IU.
- Women of chid-bearing age
- Children
- People with darker skin
- People who are lactose intolerant
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What is Rickets?
A disease of vitamin D deficiency esp common in newborn Af Am children. COntributing factors include: urban living, sun screen use, lack of health care to poor populations.
- Rickets in children results in:
- “Squared’ head
- Chest deformity
- Spine abnormality
- Bowing of the legs
Vitamin D deficiency in adults: Osteomalacia with weakening of bone and fracture
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What are some of the functions of vitamin K?
Required in carboxylation reactions in the liver. Activate clotting factors and osteocalcin (inhibits calcification)
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What are some causes of vitamin K deficiencies and what happens?
- Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by: malabsorption and/or warfarin therapy.
- Newborns: deficiency from sterile gut or poor placental transfer.
- Leads to: Excessive bleeding, calcification of arteries and cartilage, aberrant calcification, chondrodysplasia punctata (a diorder of bone and cartilage that leads to dwarfism)
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List the water soluble vitamins
- Vitamin C
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
- Bitamin B6
- Folic acid
- Vitamin B12
- Biotin
- Pantothenic acid
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Which of the following vitamins are invilved in energy production and which are hematopoietic?
Vitamin C
Riboflavin
Niacin
Bitamin B6
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
- Energy generation:
- Vitamin C
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
- Biotin
- Pantothenic acid
- Henatopoietic:
- Bitamin B6
- Folic acid
- Vitamin B12
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Number the B vitamins 1-3, 5, 6, 12
- The Real News for Political Pundits & Cronies
- Thiamine: B1
- Riboflavin: B2
- Niacin: B3
- Pantothenic acid: B5
- Pyridoxine: B6
- Cobalmin: B12
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With what patients do we most commonly see vitamin B deficiency? What are syndromes associated with each B vitamin deficiency?
Most commonly seen in alcoholics and with "fad" diets.
- B1 (thiamine)—Beriberi; and Wernicke syndrome (in chronic alcoholics)
- B2 (riboflavin)—Deficiency rare (due to grains and cereal fortified with B2)
- B3 (niacin) –Pellagra (Tryptophan and Niacin deficiency)
- B6 (pyridoxine)—Severe symptoms include seizures (due to
- inability to make GABA)
- Biotin –Deficiency rare (due to GI bacteria which make biotin)
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What is the responsible for copper absorption? Which other mineral also cometitively uses it?
Metallothionein
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What is Menkes syndrome?
- Cu deficiency syndrome
- Mutations in copper transporting ATPase (ATP7A)
- Leads to brittle/kinky hair, hereditary malabsorption, brain deterioration and is eventually fatal
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What is Wilson's disease?
- A disease of copper accumulation that presents in the first or second decade of life.
- Mutations in copper transporting ATPase (ATP7B)
- Leads to Kaise-Fleischer ring in cornea
- ABCD: Asterixis (tremor of the wrist); Basal ganglia degeneration (parkinsonian symptoms); Ceruloplasmin low (Cu transport); Dementia
- Treated with chelators like penicillamine.
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How is zinc absorped?
Metallothianein-dependant absorption
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What are the results of zinc deficiency?
- Poor growth, sexual development
- Poor taste acuity- gustin (needed for development of taste buds)
- Poor wound healing
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