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What is the definition of a theory?
A theory explains what happens.
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What is a Law?
A law tells what happens.
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What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes.
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What are the two properties of matter?
Physical and Chemical.
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What are the two types of Physical Properties and what do they mean.
- Intensive - Independent of quanity
- Extensive - Depends on the quanity.
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Chemical properties are all?
Intensive
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What is the two types of measurements
- Quanitative: uses numbers
- Qualititative: uses words
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When are zeros considered Significant digits?
- Zeros are consistant when they are
- 1. between significant digits
- 2. trailing zeros behind the decimal place
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What is the unit of measure for Pressure?
Pascals.
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What are the unit of measure for Energy?
Joules
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What are the unit of measure for volume?
- For solids it is measured in cubic meters
- For Liquids it is measured in mLs
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What is the formula for Density?
Density = Mass/Volume
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What are the 3 states of matter?
Solid, Liquid, Gas
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What are the 3 groups of matter?
- 1. Elements
- 2. Compounds
- 3. Mixtures
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What are the 7 Diatomic Elements?
Hydrogen(H2), Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), Fluorine (F2) Chlorine (Cl2), Iodine (I2), Bromine (Br2)
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What is an element?
element consists of only 1 type of atom and cannot be seperated by ordinary chemical means
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What is a compound?
compound consists of 2 or more elements per represenative particle that is made or seperated by chemical reactions in definite porportions. They have chemical and physical properties that are different than their contained elements.
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What is a mixture?
A mixture is 2 or more substances that are physically combines and are made or separated by physical means in any porportion.
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What are the two types of mixtures?
- Heterogenus - 2 or more phases
- Homogenus - one have 1 phase and are uniform
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What is an atom?
an atom is the smallest particle of an element found free in nature that keeps it's properties.
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What does Daltons Atomic Theory state?
- 1. elements are made up of indivisible particles called atoms
- 2. atoms of the same element are the same.
- 3. atoms of elements combine in definite porportions by mass to produce compounds
- 4. In a chemical reaction atoms of elements are combined,separated or rearranged.
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What are the 3 laws derived from Dalton's Atomic Theory?
- Law of Definite Porportions - means same compound with same properties
- Law of Multiple Porportions - different porportions mean different compounds
- Law of Conservation - matter can not be created or destroyed.
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What does JJ Thompsons Theory state?
Plum Pudding Model - electrons (e-) are scattered throughout the atom.
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What does Rutherfords theory state?
An atom is mostly space with a dense positive charged nucleus that contains protons and neutrons. electrons are outside of the nucleus. Protons and Neutrons have a mass of 1 AMU.
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What part of an atom determines its chemial behavior?
electron (e-)
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In a neutral atom how many protons and electrons are there?
a neutral atom has equal Protons and Electrons.
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What are the two types of ions?
- cat-ions - positive charge, more protons than electrons
- anions - negative charge, more electrons than protons
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What are the first three isotopes of Hydrogen (H)
- Proteum - Most common form of Hydrogen
- Deuterum- Heavy Hydrogen
- Tritium - radioactive Hydrogen
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What does the Bohr Theory state?
electrons circle the nucleus in discrete orbits with fixed energy with no more than 8 electrons in the outer most shell.
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What is a quantum?
a measure of energy that is required for an electron to jump from 1 energy level to the next higher energy level.
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What is the value of Planc's Constant?
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What is the Speed of Light? (C)
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What is the formula for the speed of light?
 (Wavelength/Frequency)
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What is the measure of Wavelength?
The distance from peak to peak on a sine wave
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What is photoelectric effect?
When a photon strikes a shiny metal, an electron is thrown off
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What is Threshhold frequency?
the lowest frequency at which an electron is thrown off
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What is the DeBroglie Equation?
(wavelength = planc constant/ mass*velocity)
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What is the formula for Ryberg's Constant?
n= energy level
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What does the Heisenberg Uncertainity Theory state?
you can not know where an object is and its velocity at the same time, only one or the other.
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What do the quantum numbers n, l and and mean?
n = principle quantum number - energy level
l - angular momentum - sub level (tells shape)
= magnetic quantum # (tells orbital orientation)
= spin quantum # (tells direction )
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What does the aufbau principle state?
electrons enter the lowest energy sublevels first
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What does Pauli's exclusion principle state?
an orbital can describe at most 2 electrons and the electrons must have opposite spins - no 2 electrons can have the same quantum number
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What does Hund's rule state?
in a sublevel, when electrons fill it, each orbital must have 1 electron in it before electrons will pair up.
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What is the electron configuration for Cr (chromium)?
[s] [d]
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What is the electron configuration for Cu (Copper)
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What is an Acid
an acid is anything that dissociates to form H+ ions and an anion
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What is a binary acid and it's anion ends in -ide
a binary acid is a gas that combines with water to form a hydro_____ic acid (ie HCl --> HCl(aq)
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an acid with an anion ending in -ate
acid forms to form a ________ic acid (ie = Nitric Acid)
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an acid with an anion ending in -ite
it has one less H than a similar -ate acid creates a _____ous acid (ie Nitrous Acid)
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Column 1 on the Periodic table consists of the
Alkali metals with the exception of Hydrogen
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Column 2 of the Periodic table consists of the?
Alkaline Earth Metals
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Columns 3 through Column 12 on the Periodic Table are called the
Transition elements
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Column 18 on the Periodic Table consists of the...
Noble Gases
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Column 17 of the Periodic Table consists of the
Halogens
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The nonmetals on the Periodic Table are which
starts on column 13 at B (Boron) diagonally down to Te (Tellurium) and then Column 17 down to Iodine.
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As atomic size decreases
atomic forces increase
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Which columns on the Periodic Table are the S levels
Columns 1 and 2
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Which columns on the Periodic Table are the P levels?
Columns 13-18
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Which columns on the Perodic Table are the D levels
Columns 3-12 : remember they are 1 energy level less than the row they are on.
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What is electron affinity?
the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom.
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what does the Wave Quantum mechanical model state?
an electron is described as a standing wave and the exact position of an electron is never known.
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What are the orbital shapes for each energy level
- S- Sphere
- P- Dumbell
- D- Double Dumbell
- F- Flower
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