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copying the DNA sequence into the messenger RNA
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phenotypic characteristics are passed across generations without being specifically selected for or against (ie. blood pressure, heart dimensions and metabolism)
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how resources are divided between life history traits
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biological process of degeneration which adversely affects vitality and function and leads to an increased risk of death
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genes have multiple effects
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those that allowed an individual to extract more resources from a restricted environment and/or store them; but now that we have longer lifespans, they end up leading to disease
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the study of the relationships between functions and components of the body and body size
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clearly delineated phases in development
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month 2 to end of lactation; rapid growth; feeding b;y lactation; deciduous teeth eruption; developmental milestones in physiology, behaviour and cognition
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3-7 years; moderate growth rate; dependency for feeding; mid-growth spurt; eruption of first permanent molar and incisor; cessation of brain growth
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7-10 (girls) or 7-12 (boys); slower growth rate; independent feeding; learning of economic and social skills
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at end of juvenile stage; increase in sex hormone secretion; reactivation of central nervous system mechanism for sexual development
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5-8 years following puberty; growth spurt in weight and height; permanent tooth eruption completes; development of secondary sexual characteristics completes; socio-sexual maturation; practice in adult social, economic and sexual activities
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20 years to end of child-bearing; homeostasis is physiology, behaviour and cognition, menopause for women by 50
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the end of the ability to bear children for women
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slowing down of the rate of development
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the timing of the appearance of a feature is altered in relation to others
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a prolongation of time for the development of a feature leading to its relative magnification
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mRNA is decoded by the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain that will fold into an active protein
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the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information
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a parent’s pair of alleles split and only one is passed on to the child
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alleles from both parents unite in random pairs; the dominant allele dictates how the traits are expressed in the phenotype
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a metaphor for biological development where cell fates are determined and narrowed in development much like a marble rolls down to the lowest local elevation
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environmental stressors that act as blocks against expressions of genetic variation: force the organism to choose one certain path to increase fitness
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the constellation of key characteristics including the patterns of growth, development, reproduction and mortality which define progress through life
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balancing between life history traits such as age vs size at maturity number vs quality of offspring current vs future reproduction fecundity vs lifespan
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when severe environmental influences disrupt development through interference with processes of gene expression, cell proliferation, or migration
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immediately adaptive responses
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responses which the organism must make to survive a developmental challenge
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predictive adaptive responses
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responses that are made for anticipated need or advantage later in the life course
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behaviours that are advantageous are selected for and eventually become instinctual (heritable)
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the actual reproductive rate of an individual
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the age at death of a population
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the ability to create offspring
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the relative size of intervals of offspring production
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causes of death from without (ie. predation)
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related to how the body allocates its resources across biological functions
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time passing - getting older
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mammals in colder climates are bigger because they have less surface area relative to volume and therefore loss relatively less heat
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mammals in colder climates have shorter limbs relative to the trunk to reduce the surface area
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as the climate gets colder and drier, the nose gets narrower and more protuberant so it can warm and humidify the air before it reaches the lungs
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a period of time from one phase of growth to the next generation’s same growth phase
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