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What 4 parts make up the female reproductive system
- ovary: holds the ova
- fallopian tube: where fertilization occurs
- uterus: where the zygote inplants
- cervix: holds baby in
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Describe what happens once the first sperm penetrate the egg?
it forms a crust so that no other sperm can penetrate, if 2 penetrate it will result in a misscarriage
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What are dizygotic twins or paternal twins
two different eggs (one from each ovary), two different sperm, 2 seperate zygotes, 2 different babies, different DNA
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What are monozygotic twins or identical twins
one egg, one sperm, 2 babies that are identical due to the splitting of the same egg into 2. exact same DNA
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What are the 3 stages of pregnancy
- germinal: zygote to 2 weeks, blastula forms
- embryonic: 2 weeks to 8 weeks, most important development (spontaneous abortion happens here)
- fetal: 8 weeks to birth, growth
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What is the germinal stage of pregnancy
- zygote to 2 weeks
- forms a blastula (hollow ball that forms around the zygote)
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What is a blastula
hollow ball that forms around the zygote in the germinal phase of pregnancy zygote - 2 weeks
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What is the embryonic stage of pregnancy
2 weeks to 8 weeks, major development occurs and the most important time of a pregnancy (spontaneous abortion happens here)
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What is the fetal phase of pregnancy
8 weeks till birth, time or growth, lungs grow more at the end
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when does spontaneous abortion/miscarriages happen?
embryonic phase of pregnancy
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what is lanugo? when does it appear and disappear?
layer of thick downy hair or fur which starts at 4 months and goes away at 7 months
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what happens at 4 months of pregnancy
Lanugo develops, heartbeat is clear, baby may kick
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What is the vernix caseosa and why does it develop? When is it formed?
protective coating for scratches which starts at 5 months
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what happens at 5 months of pregnancy
vernix caseosa forms
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what happens at 7 months of a pregnancy
lanugo goes away
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What are the 2 principles of prenatal development
- cephalocaudal principle: head to tail
- proximodistal principle: inside to outside or near to far
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What is the cephalocaudal principle
- head to tail principle
- children develop from top to bottom
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What is the proximodistal principle
- near to far principle
- children develop starting inside to the outside
- internal organs develop first, hands later
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What is a teratogen
- destructive influences in developing child
- i.e. drugs, alcohol, stress, smoking, plasmosis, MRSA, cancer, disease, abuse, falls, accidents, mercury, salt, chemicals, CAFFINE
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What does caffine do to you?
- stimulate similar to cocaine
- CNS stimulant
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what are the 3 blastocyst layers and what do they form?
- inside endoderm: organs
- middle mesoderm: muscle/blood
- outside ectoderm: Skin/hair/nails
- develops all three layers and then rolls up into a ball aroung the zygote
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What is the endoderm layer of blastocyst and what does it make?
- organ cells
- inside layer of blastocyst
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What is the mesoderm layer of blastocyst and what does it make?
- middle layer
- muscle and blood
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What is the ectoderm layer of blastocyst and what does it form?
- outside layer
- skin, hair, nails
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good prenatal care consist of what 4 things?
- thorough health history
- full medical exam
- counsel parents on potential risks
- develop a good Dr/Pt. rapport
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how many pounds should a woman gain in a preganacy
22-28 lbs
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What are the 3 stages is the budding process?
- labor: uterine contractions, cerviz dialates, mucus plug falls out, effacement/softening and thinning of the cervix 12 hrs
- birth: 60-90 minutes, episiotomy is the cut between anus and vagina
- afterbirth: expulsion of placents and umbilical cord, 5-30 minutes (all of it needs to come out or will become ceptic
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What is labor and how long does it last?
- uterine contractions, dialated cervix
- showing = mucous plug fall out of cervix (water breaks)
- effacement = softening and thinning of the cervix
- takes on average 12 hours
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what is birth and how long does it last?
- birth of the baby takes 60-90 minutes
- episiotomy = cut between vagina and anus
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What is afterbirth and how long does it take to come out?
- placents and umbilical cord expulsion 5-30 minutes
- need the whole placenta out or it can become ceptic
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What is the apgar test
- done at 1 minute after birth and then again at 5 minutes
- 5 scales worth 0 to 2 points
- 0 = stillborn
- 7= good
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