-
Nutrients fall into six major categories
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Minerals
- Vitamins
- Water
-
-
calorie
- energy required to raise 1 g of H2O 1oC
-
Calories
- Food calorie
-
: measured in units of Kilocalories-
60% heat, 40% ATP - 70 Cal/hr at rest and up to 20 Cal/min during exercise
-
body mass index (BMI):
- is a common tool for estimating a healthy weight
A BMI 18.5-24.9 is considered healthy
- ~33.8% of all U.S. adults are overweight
- (BMI 25-29.9)
33% are obese (BMI of 30 or more)
~17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2—19 years are obese
Since 1980, obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has almost tripled.
-
essential fatty acids
- help us to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, important in cell division, fetal development, and the immune response
- Sources: fish oils, canola oil, soybean oil, flaxseed, and walnuts
-
essential amino acids,
- Humans are unable to synthesize 9 or 10 amino acids
- Sources: meat, milk, eggs, corn, beans, and soybeans
- and a variety of minerals and vitamins, and water
-
Kwashiorkor
- is Caused by Protein (albumin)
- Deficiency
-
Minerals
- Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are major constituents of bone and teeth
-
- Sodium, calcium, and potassium are needed for muscle contraction and the conduction of nerve impulses
Iron is a central component of hemoglobin in the blood, and iodine is found in hormones produced by the thyroid gland
- Animals also require trace amounts of zinc, magnesium, copper, and chromium
-
Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus
major constituents of bone and teeth
-
Sodium, calcium, and potassium
- are needed for muscle contraction and the conduction of nerve impulses
-
Iron
- is a central component of hemoglobin in the blood, and iodine is found in hormones produced by the thyroid gland
-
Vitamins
- all are essential
- organic molecules
- required for the proper functioning of enzyme
- They are grouped into two categories:
- water soluble: vitamin C, B vitamin complex
- fat soluble: A, D, E ,K
-
Pellagra
Is Caused by Niacin Deficiency
-
Rickets
- Rickets Is Caused by Vitamin D Deficiency
- bones not strong
-
Water
- All metabolic reactions occur in a watery solution
- the principal component of saliva, blood, lymph, extracellular fluid, and cytoplasmic fluid
- sweating, keeps people from overheating
- Urine, which is mostly water, is necessary to eliminate cellular waste products from the
-
human digestive tract
- oral cavity- tongue, teeth
- salivary glands
- pharynx
- epiglottis
- larynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- liver
- gallbladder
- pangcreas
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
-
pharynx
shares digestive and respiratory passage
-
salivary glands
secrete lubricating fluid and starch digesting enzymes
-
epiglottis
- covers larynx.
- directs food down esophagus
-
liver
- secretes bile
- ammonia into urea detoxifies harmful substances produces a liquid called bile, which is stored in the gallbladder
-
-
gallbadder
stores bile from liver
-
pancreas
- secretes pH buffers and several digestive enzymes
- produces sodium bicrarbonoate and digestive enzymes, and releases them into the small intestine via the pancreatic duct
-
stomach
- Food in the stomach is gradually converted to chyme, a mixture of partially digested food and stomach secretions
- Most chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine
- Liver: ammonia into urea detoxifies harmful substances produces a liquid called bile, which is stored in the gallbladder
-
cells in small intestine lining.
produce enzymes that complete carbohydrate and protien digestion
-
digestive secretions into the small intestine
- Liver- Bile
- Gallbladder- stores/releases bile into small intestine though bile dict
- Stomach- release chyme into small intestine
- Pancreas- produces sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes, and releases them into the small intestine via the pancreatic duct
- Cells in small intestine lining: produce enzymes that complete carb and protien digestion
-
The pancreas has two types of cells
- One type produces hormones that regulate blood sugar
- The other type secretes pancreatic juice:
- Water
- Sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidic chyme
- Digestive enzymes
- Amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates
- Lipases, which break down lipids
- Proteases, which break down proteins and peptides
-
pancreatic juice:
- Waterm sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidic chyme
- Digestive enzymes
- Amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates
- Lipases, which break down lipids
- Proteases, which break down proteins and peptides
-
Amylase
- which breaks down carbohydrates
- pancreatic juice
-
Lipases
- pancreatic juice
- breaks down lipids
-
Proteases
- which break down proteins and peptides '
- pancreatic juice
|
|
