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Nutrients fall into six major categories
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Minerals
- Vitamins
- Water
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calorie
- energy required to raise 1 g of H2O 1oC
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Calories
- Food calorie
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: measured in units of Kilocalories-
60% heat, 40% ATP - 70 Cal/hr at rest and up to 20 Cal/min during exercise
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body mass index (BMI):
- is a common tool for estimating a healthy weight
A BMI 18.5-24.9 is considered healthy
- ~33.8% of all U.S. adults are overweight
- (BMI 25-29.9)
33% are obese (BMI of 30 or more)
~17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2—19 years are obese
Since 1980, obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has almost tripled.
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essential fatty acids
- help us to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, important in cell division, fetal development, and the immune response
- Sources: fish oils, canola oil, soybean oil, flaxseed, and walnuts
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essential amino acids,
- Humans are unable to synthesize 9 or 10 amino acids
- Sources: meat, milk, eggs, corn, beans, and soybeans
- and a variety of minerals and vitamins, and water
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Kwashiorkor
- is Caused by Protein (albumin)
- Deficiency
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Minerals
- Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are major constituents of bone and teeth
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- Sodium, calcium, and potassium are needed for muscle contraction and the conduction of nerve impulses
Iron is a central component of hemoglobin in the blood, and iodine is found in hormones produced by the thyroid gland
- Animals also require trace amounts of zinc, magnesium, copper, and chromium
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Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus
major constituents of bone and teeth
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Sodium, calcium, and potassium
- are needed for muscle contraction and the conduction of nerve impulses
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Iron
- is a central component of hemoglobin in the blood, and iodine is found in hormones produced by the thyroid gland
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Vitamins
- all are essential
- organic molecules
- required for the proper functioning of enzyme
- They are grouped into two categories:
- water soluble: vitamin C, B vitamin complex
- fat soluble: A, D, E ,K
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Pellagra
Is Caused by Niacin Deficiency
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Rickets
- Rickets Is Caused by Vitamin D Deficiency
- bones not strong
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Water
- All metabolic reactions occur in a watery solution
- the principal component of saliva, blood, lymph, extracellular fluid, and cytoplasmic fluid
- sweating, keeps people from overheating
- Urine, which is mostly water, is necessary to eliminate cellular waste products from the
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human digestive tract
- oral cavity- tongue, teeth
- salivary glands
- pharynx
- epiglottis
- larynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- liver
- gallbladder
- pangcreas
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
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pharynx
shares digestive and respiratory passage
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salivary glands
secrete lubricating fluid and starch digesting enzymes
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epiglottis
- covers larynx.
- directs food down esophagus
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liver
- secretes bile
- ammonia into urea detoxifies harmful substances produces a liquid called bile, which is stored in the gallbladder
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gallbadder
stores bile from liver
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pancreas
- secretes pH buffers and several digestive enzymes
- produces sodium bicrarbonoate and digestive enzymes, and releases them into the small intestine via the pancreatic duct
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stomach
- Food in the stomach is gradually converted to chyme, a mixture of partially digested food and stomach secretions
- Most chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine
- Liver: ammonia into urea detoxifies harmful substances produces a liquid called bile, which is stored in the gallbladder
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cells in small intestine lining.
produce enzymes that complete carbohydrate and protien digestion
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digestive secretions into the small intestine
- Liver- Bile
- Gallbladder- stores/releases bile into small intestine though bile dict
- Stomach- release chyme into small intestine
- Pancreas- produces sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes, and releases them into the small intestine via the pancreatic duct
- Cells in small intestine lining: produce enzymes that complete carb and protien digestion
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The pancreas has two types of cells
- One type produces hormones that regulate blood sugar
- The other type secretes pancreatic juice:
- Water
- Sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidic chyme
- Digestive enzymes
- Amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates
- Lipases, which break down lipids
- Proteases, which break down proteins and peptides
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pancreatic juice:
- Waterm sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidic chyme
- Digestive enzymes
- Amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates
- Lipases, which break down lipids
- Proteases, which break down proteins and peptides
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Amylase
- which breaks down carbohydrates
- pancreatic juice
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Lipases
- pancreatic juice
- breaks down lipids
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Proteases
- which break down proteins and peptides '
- pancreatic juice
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