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Nutrients fall into six major categories
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Minerals
- Vitamins
- Water
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calorie
- : energy required to raise 1 g of H2O 1oC
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Calories
- Food calorie
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measured in units of Kilocalories-
60% heat, 40% ATP
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body mass index (BMI)
- A BMI 18.5-24.9 is considered healthy
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~33.8% of all U.S. adults are overweight - (BMI 25-29.9)
33% are obese (BMI of 30 or more)
~17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2—19 years are obese
Since 1980, obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has almost tripled.
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essential fatty acids
- help us to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, important in cell division, fetal development, and the immune response
- Sources: fish oils, canola oil, soybean oil, flaxseed, and walnuts
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essential amino acids,
- Humans are unable to synthesize 9 or 10 amino acids
- Sources: meat, milk, eggs, corn, beans, and soybeans
- and a variety of minerals and vitamins, and water
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Minerals
- Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are major constituents of bone and teeth
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- Sodium, calcium, and potassium are needed for muscle contraction and the conduction of nerve impulses
Iron is a central component of hemoglobin in the blood, and iodine is found in hormones produced by the thyroid gland
- Animals also require trace amounts of zinc, magnesium, copper, and chromium
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Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus
- are major constituents of bone and teeth
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Sodium, calcium, and potassium
- needed for muscle contraction and the conduction of nerve impulses
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Iron
- a central component of hemoglobin in the blood, and iodine is found in hormones produced by the thyroid gland
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Vitamins
- all are essential
- organic molecules
- required for the proper functioning of enzyme
- They are grouped into two categories:
- water soluble: vitamin C, B vitamin complex
- fat soluble: A, D, E ,K
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2 vitamin groups
- water soluble: vitamin C, B vitamin complex
- fat soluble: A, D, E ,K
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Water
- All metabolic reactions occur in a watery solution
- the principal component of saliva, blood, lymph, extracellular fluid, and cytoplasmic fluid
- sweating, keeps people from overheating
- Urine, which is mostly water, is necessary to eliminate cellular waste products from the
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digestive tasks
- Ingestion: mouth
- Mechanical digestion: increase surface area
- Chemical digestion: enzymes etc
- Absorption: transported out of digestive tract
- Elimination: indigestible expelled
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digestive tract
- oral cavity
- salivary glands
- pharynx
- epiglotis
- esophagus
- stomach
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- large intestine
- small intestine
- rectum
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