-
The reproductive system is dormant until�
Puberty
-
What are the male and female primary sex gonads
Testes, ovary
-
What are the male and female steroidal hormones
M: androgens / F: estrogens and progesterone
-
What begins the signal for puberty
GnRH
-
Where is gnrh released from
Hypothalamus
-
Gnrh stimulates the release of __ and __
FSH and LH
-
___ have receptors for gnrh
gonadotrophs
-
Where are FSH and LH released from
Anterior pituitary
-
What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle
Follicular and luteal
-
Primordial follicles are present ___
At birth
-
What causes primordial follicles to develop into primary follicles
FSH
-
After stimulation of FSH, primary follicles develop into ___
Secondary follicles
-
Secondary follicles produce __ and ___
Inhibin and estrogen
-
Inhibin and estrogen inhibit ___ so other follicles cant develop
-
Only one secondary follicle becomes the ___ follicle
Mature (graafian)/dominant
-
__ stimulates the growth of the dominant follicle
LH
-
A gamete is released from the mature follicle during ___
Ovulation
-
The corpus luteum produce ____ and ___ that contribute to the development of the functional layer
Progesterone and estrogens
-
If fertilization occurs, ___ helps corpus luteum survive
Acg
-
Corpus luteum becomes ___ if no fertilization occurs
Corpus albicans
-
Corpus albicans decreases progesterone, esterone, and inhibin, increase ___, ___, and ___
Gnrh, FSH, and LH
-
What are the 2 layers of the uterus
Functional and basal
-
The ___ layer sloughs off during the menstrual phase
Functional
-
During menstruation, progesterone and estrogen decrease� ____ increase, choking the arteries of uterus�functional layer dies
Prostaglandins
-
During the ___ phase, estrogen causes ___ of the functional layer
Preovulatory, proliferation
-
If fertilization occurs, ___ and ___ levels increase
Progesterone and estrogen
-
During the preovulatory phase, the ____ from growing follicles stimulate ____
Estrogen, endometrium repair
-
Low levels of estrogen ____, while high levels ___
Inhibit, activate
-
Describe the events of the LH surge
Estrogen inc� gnrh inc� LH and FSH inc� LH causes mature follicle to rupture and release oocyte
-
The DNA in the released (ovulated secondary) oocyte is ___
Haploid
-
___ brings about ovulation
LH surge
-
The mature follicle collapses and the basement membrane breaks down during the ___ phase
Post ovulatory
-
___ promotes development and maintainance of female reproductive structures
estrogens
-
Progesterone works with estrogens to ____
Prepare endometrium for implantation
-
Progesterone inhibits release of ___ and ___
Gnrh and LH
-
What prepares mammary glands to secrete milk
Progesterone
-
What inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle
Relaxin
-
Relaxin ____ of pubic symphysis and ___ cervix
Increases flexibility, dialates
-
Inhibin inhibits release of ___ (___ to a lesser extent)
FSH, LH
-
What does FSH stand for
Follicle-stimulating hormone
-
What does LH stand for
Luteinizing hormone
-
17-beta estradiol can be found in ___ women
Non-pregnant
-
Estriol can be found in ___ women
Pregnant
-
____: female can be born with 2mil primordial follicles, but many die as female age
Atresia
-
What is hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
-
What is the chorion
The part of the embryo the becomes part of the placenta
-
Hcg rescues ___ from degeneration
Corpus luteum
-
Corpus luteum keep __ level high to maintain functional layer so fertilized ovum can divide
Estrogen
-
What is hCS
Human chorionic somatomammotropin
-
Hcs helps ___ and enhances ___
Prepare mammary glands for lactation/protein synthesis (growth)
-
Hcs decreases ___ use and increases ___ use for ATP production
Glucose, fatty acid
-
What establishes the timing of birth
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
-
Corticotropin releasing hormone increases secretion of __ and __
Cortisol, lung surfactant
-
Sperm formation begins ___ and continues throughout life
During puberty
-
Sperm is produced in __
Seminiferous tubule
-
Leydig cells are located ___
Between seminiferous tubules
-
___ secrete testosterone
leydig cells
-
Where produces inhibin (FSH) and androgen-binding protein
Sertoli cells
-
What is another name for sertoli cells
Sustentacular cells
-
Sertoli cells secrete ___ and use this to push sperm to ___
Testicular fluid, epididymis
-
Sertoli cells provide essential __ and ___ for sperm development
Nutrients and signals
-
On what surface does spermatogenesis occur
Sertoli cells
-
What is the purpose of the blood-testis barrier
To protect sperm from immune system
-
Tight junctions between __ create the blood-testis barrier
Sertoli cells
-
A primary spermatocyte is haploid/diploid?
Diploid
-
A secondary spermatocy is haploid/diploid?
Haploid
-
Testosterone is converted to dht by ___
5 alpha reductase
-
5 alpha reductase is found in the ___ and ___
Prostate and seminal vesicles
-
What is DHT
Dihydrotestosterone
-
Testosterone can inhibit ___ and gonadotrophs that produce ___
Gnrh, LH
-
___ secrete androgen-binding protein
sertoli cells
-
What is ABP
Androgen-binding protein
-
Sertoli cells control number of sperm by producing ___
Inhibin
-
__ and __ stimulate spermatogenesis
FSH and testosterone
-
__ stimulates testosterone secretion
LH
-
Where are androgen receptors located
On the nuclei of sertoli cells
-
FSH indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis through ___
ABP
-
LH acts on __ cells
Leydig
-
___ causes development of skeletal muscle
Testosterone
-
Testosterone inc� ___... ___... leydig cells secrete less testosterone
Gnrh dec, LH dec
-
___ leads to enlargement of larynx and deepening of voice
DHT
-
___ contributes to male pattern before birth
DHT
-
ABP binds to ___ and makes local concentration high for ___
Testosterone, spermatogenesis
-
Two types of androgens
Testosterone and dht
-
Effect of androgen on genes
Bind to receptor in nuclei� make complex� bind to promoter region� turn gene on
-
___ stimulates male development of ducts and descent of testis before birth
testosterone
-
DHT stimulates development of ___
External genitalia
-
In males, ___ gets converted to ___ in the brain
Testosterone, estrogen
-
What is anabolism
Stimulation of protein synthesis by steroidal hormones
-
Methods of contraception (3)
Pill, patch, RU486
-
The pill has ___ levels of estrogen and progestins, ___ FSH and LH
Moderate, inhibiting
-
___ and ___ are complications of the patch
blood clots, stroke
-
RU486 is a ___ receptor blocker
Progesterone
-
(RU486) Progesterone plays a role in ___ and ___ of functional layer
implantation, maintenance
-
Genotype: XY� Phenotype?
Normal male, testes
-
Genotype: XX�phenotype?
Normal female, ovaries
-
-
Kleinfeter�s syndrome
XXY, somewhat functional testes, mental retardation
-
XO
Phenotypic female, no gonads
-
Turner�s syndrome
XO, no gonads
-
YO
Die during embryonic development
-
XYY
Normal male, taller than avg
-
XXX
Female, normal intelligence
-
>XXX
Mental retardation, undeveloped ovaries
-
The wolffian duct develops into male/female?
Male
-
The mullerian duct develops into male/female?
Female
-
The wolffian duct forms what 3 structures
Vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle
-
The mullerian duct forms what 3 structures
Uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes
-
The ___ development is the default
Female
-
What is SRY
Sex determining region of Y chromosome
-
SRY is present in ___, but not in ___
Males, females
-
Hcg stimulates leydig cells to produce ___, helping wolffian duct develop
Testosterone
-
SRY �tells� sertoli to produce ____ inhibiting substances, resulting in ___
Mullerian, apoptosis
-
The efferent ductules become ____
Seminiferous tubules
-
During female development, ___ and ___ are absent
SRY, mullerian inhibit substances
-
Why is female development the default
Embryo is constantly exposed to mother�s estrogen and progesterone
-
Upon stimulation by testosterone, the ___ descend into scrotum
Testes
-
What 2 compartments make up sertoli cells
Basal and adluminal
-
A cytoplasmic bridge remains in� (3)
secondary spermatocytes, early spermatids, and late spermatids
-
Why is the cytoplasmic bridge present?
So genetic material from X haploid can be transferred to deficient Y haploid for development
-
___ cells break down extra cytoplasm
sertoli
-
Spermatoza are motile/nonmotile?
Nonmotile
-
In males, the glans area develops into the ___
Penis
-
In males, the labioscrotal swelling eventually becomes the ___
Scrotum
-
In females, the glands area becomes the ___
Clitoris
-
In females, the uretrhal folds and labioscrotal swelling become the ___ and ___
Labia majora and labia minora
-
During puberty, ___ increase
Steroidal hormones
-
During menopause number of ___ decrease
follicles
-
During menopause, gonadotrophs become less sensitive to __
Gnrh
-
During menopause, risk of osteoporsis increases because�
Estrogen (which controls osteoclasts) decreases
-
What happens when you remove testes in a genetic male?
No testosterone, no DHT� internally female� externally female
-
What happens when you implant testes in a genetic female
Testosterone and DHT present� internally make� externally male
-
What happens to a mutant lacking the 5 alpha reductase
Testosterone present, no DHT� internally male, externally female
-
5 factors that increase susceptibility to breast cancer
1) family. 2) no children or children after 35. 3) ionic radiation. 4) excessive alcohol. 5) smoking
-
3 drugs for breast cancer
1) tamoxifen. 2) herceptin. 3) evista
-
Tamoxifen is an ___ antagonist (blocks ___)
Estrogen, receptor
-
Herceptin is a monoclonal ___ that targets ___ on breast cancer cells
Antibody, antigen
-
Evista blocks ___ receptor in breasts and uterus, activating ___ receptor in bone
Estrogen, estrogen
-
What is testicular cancer
Cancer of spermatogenic cells
-
What is the leading cause of death in men
Prostate disorders
-
During endometriosis, endometrial cells grow outside uterus in response to ___ and ___
Estrogen and progesterone
-
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes indicate increased susceptibility to ___
Breast cancer
-
A mutation in the p53 gene (a tumor suppressor) can be detected by ___
Mammogram
-
Cervical cancer is associate with __
HPV
-
A pap smear is looking at __ cells for dysplasia
Cervical
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