AP World- Ch. 16 Vocab

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India

Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas

A Portuguese explorer that first circumnavigated the world even though he died before it

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.

Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims

Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials

Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe

People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system

First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains

Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish

French colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system

Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America

Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years' War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean

Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus