ATI-Mod1

• Preventing harm, doing no harm, promoting good;
• Respecting both individual and community rights, respecting autonomy and diversity;
• Providing confidentiality, competency, trustworthiness, and advocacy;
• Protecting, promoting, preserving, and maintaining health and preventing disease

Protection of privacy, respect for person, informed consent, and fulfillment of client goals

The client’s right to information disclosure, privacy, informed consent, information confidentiality, and participation in treatment decisions

Advocacy

Advocacy

Advocacy

Advocacy

Epidemiology

Epidemiology

• 1. Incidence
• 2. Prevalence
• 3. Crude mortality rate
• 4. Infant mortality rate
• 5. Attack rate
• 6. Epidemic

Incidence: New cases

Prevalence: Existing disease in a population at any given time

• Crude mortality rate:
• (# of deaths / population X 1000)

• Infant mortality rate:
• (# of deaths among infants less than 1 year of age per 1000 live births in a given year)

Attack rate: The cumulative incidence of infection in a group of people observed over a period of time during an epidemic

Epidemic: When the rate of disease exceeds the usual level of the condition; Disease progression substantially exceedes what is expected based on recent experience

• 1. Host (either susceptible or nonsusceptible)
• 2. Agent (either infectious, physical, or chemical)
• 3. Environment (reserviors & modes of transmission)
• 4. Vector (either nonliving <vehicle> or living <intermediary>)

• 1. Active (natural or artificial)
• 2. Passive (natural or artificial)

• 1. Altered immunity
• 2. Altered resistance
• 3. Risk characteristics (ex - genetics, gender, age, physiological state, prior disease state, social class, cultural group, & occupation)

Mosquitos, fleas, birds, ticks, rodents, ect.

Clothing, food, water, ect.

Viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, metazoa, rickettsia, ect.

Trauma, genetics, noise, temperature, repetitive motions, ect.

Drugs, fumes, toxins, ect.

Human reserviors, physical factors, temperature, rainfall, socioeconomic factors, availability of resources, access to healthcare, high-risk working conditions, crowded living conditions, ect.

The agent is the animate or inanimate object that causes the disease.

epidemiological triangle

• 1. Determine the nature, extent, and possible significance of the problem
• 2. Formulate a possible theory from data collected
• 3. Gather information from other sources to try and narrow down the possibilities
• 4. Make a plan
• 5. Put the plan into action
• 6. Evaluate the plan
• 7. Report and follow up

community education programs

Changing behavior through the use of reinforcement methods

Changing thought patterns through the use of methods that offer a variety of sensory input and repitition

Increasing depth of knowledge using through the use of methods such as discussion and inquiry

The human developmental stage and and methods that are age-specific and age-appropriate with importance given to "readiness to learn"

Feelings and relationships, and methods are based on the principle that learners will do what is in their best interest

Changing the learners' expectations and beliefs through the use of methods that link information to beliefs and values

• 1. Visual
• 2. Auditory
• 3. Tactile-Kinesthetic

• 1. Primary prevention
• 2. Secondary prevention
• 3. Tertiary prevention

Prevention of the initial occurence of disease or injury

Nutrition counseling; family planning / sex education; smoking cessation education; communicable disease education; health and hygeine education to specific groups (waitress / day care worker ect); safety education (seat belts, helmet use, ect); prenatal classes; providing immunizations; community assessments; disease surveillance; advocating for the resolution of health issues (access to health care, healthy environments, ect)

Early detection of disease and treatments with the goal of limiting severity and adverse effects

Screenings (cancer, DM, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, sensory impairments, TB, lead exposure, genetic disorders / metabolic deficiencies in newborns, ect), treatments of STDs, treatment of TB, control of outbreaks of comunicable diseases

Maximization of recovery after an injury or illness (rehabilitation)

Nutrition counseling, exercise rehabilitation, case management (chronic or mental illiness), shelters, support groups, exercise for hypertensive clients (individual)

Clara Barton

Lillian Ward

Florence Nightingale

Mary Breckinridge

Autonomy

Family and cultural values, social and environmental influences, and economic concerns.

Culture

The influence of environmental conditions on the development of disease or injury.

Acculturation

• 1. Ethnic background
• 2. Religious preference
• 3. Family structure
• 4. Language
• 5. Communication needs
• 6. Education
• 7. Cultural values
• 8. Food patterns
• 9. Health practices

• 1. Collection of self-identifying data
• 2. Posing questions that address the client's perception of his health needs
• 3. Identification of cultural factors that may impact the choice of nursing interventions

• I = investigate potential exposures (trends, taking home exposures)
• P = present work (current job)
• R = residence (age, heating)
• E = environmental concerns (air, water)
• P = past work (work history)
• A = activities (hobbies, gardening)
• R = referral and resources (EPA)
• E = educate ((risk reduction, prevention)

• Primary: educate to reduce environmental hazards
• Secondary: survey, monitor, and screen for conditions that may be related to environmental and occupational exposures
• Tertiary: refer and educate

• Inadequate health care insurance
• Inability to pay for services
• Language barriers
• Cultural barriers
• Lack of health care providers in the community
• Geographic isolation
• Social isolation
• Lack of communication tools (telephone)
• Lack of personal or public transportation
• Inconvenient hours
• Attitude of health care personnel toward clients of low socioeconomic status or those with different cultural/ethnic backgrounds
• Eligibility requirements for state/federal assistance programs