Phylogeny

-study of kinds of diversity of organisms and of any and all relationships

-science of naming and classifying organism

-evolutionary history of organisms and relationships

• -organisms closer to each other share several traits
• -apormorphic characters most important

- ancestral trait

-derived trait

-similarities of traits due to common descent

Homoplasy-not due to common ancestory

- an evolved trait can be reverted back to original trait IE wingless--wings--wingless

• Morphology, anatomical, developmental
• Molecular traits
• Determining polarity (ancestral or derived)

- closely related for comparison

-group closely related to the ingroup but branched off before ingroup evolve

-shared derived character

- contains most recent common ancestor

• -simplest tree is the best
• requires few homoplasies in tree
• Occams razor-best fits data w/ least assumptions

-arrangement of in the taxonomic groups based on characteristics to define the group

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

-true relationships or what seems to be true about evolutionary traits b/w organisms

• Systema Naturae
• 7ranks (taxon taxa)
• K P C O F G S
• Binomial nomenclature
• -ideae--family
• -aceae--family
• plants

-all descendents of common ancestor

-most recent common ancestor of some descendentsbut not all

• -don’t share immediate common ancestor Two separate evolutionary lines
• Not accepted in world of science

• based on common descent of organisms
• taxonomic grouping based solely monophyly

basedon degree of evolutionary changes taxonomic grouping accepts monophyly and paraphyly

• based on overall similarity of characteristics in organisms each traits carries same weight
• mono-/para-phyly are not in consideration phenograms

• --How diseases are transmitted and evolved
• --Dating lineages split
• --Answer questions about adaptive radiation Chichlid fishes
• --Reconstruct the past-presence of aids in NA
• --Compare and contrast living organisms-long sword vs short; mating bias
• --Ancestral states can be reconstructed—IE proteins