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Give two constitutional isomers with the formula C3H7Br
CH3CH2CH2Br and CH3CH(Br)CH3
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Give the approximate bond angles found in H2O, NH3, and CH4
105o, 107o, 109.5o
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Give the approximate bond angles for sp, sp2, and sp3 hybrid C
180o, 120o, 109.5o
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Provide the definitions of a Bronsted-Lowry acid and base
A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor; the base is a proton acceptor
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When NaOH and CH3OH are mixed, will Keq be >>1, <<1, or ~1?
Keq ~1 (similar acid strengths, H2O and CH3OH both have pKa ~16)
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Give approximate pKa values for CH3CH3, CH3NH2, CH3CH2OH
~60, ~36, ~16
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Why are carboxylic acids (pKa ~5) stronger acids than alcohols (pKa ~16)?
Mostly because the anion formed from the carboxylic acid is stabilized through resonance delocalization
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Rank the following in order of increasing acid strength: HI, CH3OH, CH4, CH3NH2
CH4 (pKa ~60) < CH3NH2 (pKa ~36) < CH3OH (pKa ~16) < HI (pKa ~-10)
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Give approximate electronegativity values for C, O, Cl, and H
C ~2.5, O ~3.5, Cl ~3.0, H ~2.1
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Which of the following bonds will have significant dipoles: H-H, O-H, H-Cl, C-H ?
O-H (E.N. of 3.5 and 2.1) and H-Cl (E.N. of 2.1 and 3.0)
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Give charges for the following species: CH4, :NH3, :CH3, CH3
CH4 (neutral), :NH3 (neutral), :CH3 (negative), CH3 (positive)
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Indicate which type of bonds (ionic, covalent, or both) will be found in the following molecules: NaOH, CH3CH3, LiOCH3, H2O, NH4Cl
NaOH (ionic & covalent); CH3CH3 (covalent); LiOCH3 (ionic & covalent), H2O (covalent), NH4Cl (ionic & covalent)
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Give definitions for a Lewis acid and Lewis base
Lewis acid = electron acceptor; Lewis base = electron donor
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When CH3Li and CH3NH2 are mixed, will Keq be ~1, >1, or <1?
K > 1 (pKa of CH3NH2 ~36; pKa of CH4 ~60)
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When CH3NHLi and CH3OH are mixed, which side of the reaction is favoured, left or right?
Right hand side will be favoured since CH3NHLi is a much stronger base than CH3OLi
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Give the detailed electron configuration of carbon
C: 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1
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What word describes orbitals of the same energy?
Degenerate
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Which electrons are held more tightly, 2s or 3s, and why?
2s since they are closer to the positive nucleus
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What are the hybridization patterns of the C atoms in CH4, H2C=O, and CH3OH?
CH4 = sp3, H2C=O is sp2; CH3OH is sp3
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How many lone pairs are present on the non-hydrogen atom(s) in H2O, CH3CH3, and CH3NH2 ?
2 on O in H2O; 0 on C in CH3CH3; 0 on C and 1 on N in CH3NH2
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